Dr. Naveen K. Sharma, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Post-Graduate College, India.Professor Ashawani K. Rai, Professor in Botany, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, India.Dr. Lucas J. Stal, Professor and Head of Department, Department of Marine Microbiology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW & Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

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• List of contributors ixPreface xiiiAbout the editors xvAcknowledgements xviiAbout the book xixIntroduction xxiNaveen K. Sharma, Ashwani K. Rai, and Lucas J. StalAbout the companion website xxvPART I: BIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF CYANOBACTERIA 1Chapter 1 Cyanobacteria: biology, ecology and evolution 3Aharon OrenChapter 2 Modern classification of cyanobacteria 21Ji¢§r´©¥ Kom´arekPART II: ECOLOGICAL SERVICES RENDERED BY CYANOBACTERIA 41Chapter 3 Ecological importance of cyanobacteria 43Beatriz D´©¥ez and Karolina IninbergsChapter 4 Cyanobacteria and carbon sequestration 65Eduardo Jacob-Lopes, Leila Queiroz Zepka, and Maria Isabel QueirozChapter 5 Ecology of cyanobacteria on stone monuments, biodeterioration, and the conservation of cultural heritage 73Nitin Keshari and Siba Prasad AdhikariPART III: CYANOBACTERIAL PRODUCTS 91Chapter 6 Therapeutic applications of cyanobacteria with emphasis on their economics 93Rathinam Raja, Shanmugam Hemaiswarya, Isabel S. Carvalho, and VenkatesanGanesanChapter 7 Spirulina: an example of cyanobacteria as nutraceuticals 103Masayuki Ohmori and Shigeki EhiraChapter 8 Ultraviolet photoprotective compounds from cyanobacteria in biomedical applications 119Tanya Soule and Ferran Garcia-PichelChapter 9 Cyanobacteria as a ‘‘green’’ option for sustainable agriculture 145Radha Prasanna, Anjuli Sood, Sachitra Kumar Ratha, and Pawan K. SinghChapter 10 The economics of cyanobacteria-based biofuel production: challenges and opportunities 167Naveen K. Sharma and Lucas J. StalChapter 11 Cyanobacterial cellulose synthesis in the light of the photanol concept 181R. Milou Schuurmans, Hans C.P. Matthijs, Lucas J. Stal, and Klaas J. HellingwerfChapter 12 Exopolysaccharides from cyanobacteria and their possible industrial applications 197Giovanni Colica and Roberto De PhilippisChapter 13 Phycocyanins 209Ruperto BermejoChapter 14 Cyanobacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates: an alternative source for plastics 227Shilalipi Samantaray, Ranjana Bhati, and Nirupama MallickPART IV: HARMFUL ASPECTS 245Chapter 15 Costs of harmful blooms of freshwater cyanobacteria 247David P. Hamilton, Susanna A. Wood, Daniel R. Dietrich, and Jonathan PuddickChapter 16 Cyanotoxins 257Jason N. Woodhouse, Melissa Rapadas, and Brett A. NeilanPART V: TOOLS, TECHNIQUES, AND PATENTS 269Chapter 17 Photobioreactors for cyanobacterial culturing 271A. Catarina Guedes, Nadpi G. Katkam, Jo˜ao Varela, and Francisco XavierMalcataChapter 18 Commercial-scale culturing of cyanobacteria: an industrial experience 293Hiroyuki Takenaka and Yuji YamaguchiChapter 19 Engineering cyanobacteria for industrial products 303Timo H.J. Niedermeyer, Ekaterina Kuchmina, and Annegret WildeChapter 20 Cryopreservation of cyanobacteria 319John G. DayChapter 21 Patents on cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial products and uses 329Michael A. BorowitzkaIndex 339

Dr. Naveen K. Sharma, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Post-Graduate College, India.Professor Ashawani K. Rai, Professor in Botany, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, India.Dr. Lucas J. Stal, Professor and Head of Department, Department of Marine Microbiology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW & Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

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• List of contributors ixPreface xiiiAbout the editors xvAcknowledgements xviiAbout the book xixIntroduction xxiNaveen K. Sharma, Ashwani K. Rai, and Lucas J. StalAbout the companion website xxvPART I: BIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF CYANOBACTERIA 1Chapter 1 Cyanobacteria: biology, ecology and evolution 3Aharon OrenChapter 2 Modern classification of cyanobacteria 21Ji¢§r´©¥ Kom´arekPART II: ECOLOGICAL SERVICES RENDERED BY CYANOBACTERIA 41Chapter 3 Ecological importance of cyanobacteria 43Beatriz D´©¥ez and Karolina IninbergsChapter 4 Cyanobacteria and carbon sequestration 65Eduardo Jacob-Lopes, Leila Queiroz Zepka, and Maria Isabel QueirozChapter 5 Ecology of cyanobacteria on stone monuments, biodeterioration, and the conservation of cultural heritage 73Nitin Keshari and Siba Prasad AdhikariPART III: CYANOBACTERIAL PRODUCTS 91Chapter 6 Therapeutic applications of cyanobacteria with emphasis on their economics 93Rathinam Raja, Shanmugam Hemaiswarya, Isabel S. Carvalho, and VenkatesanGanesanChapter 7 Spirulina: an example of cyanobacteria as nutraceuticals 103Masayuki Ohmori and Shigeki EhiraChapter 8 Ultraviolet photoprotective compounds from cyanobacteria in biomedical applications 119Tanya Soule and Ferran Garcia-PichelChapter 9 Cyanobacteria as a ‘‘green’’ option for sustainable agriculture 145Radha Prasanna, Anjuli Sood, Sachitra Kumar Ratha, and Pawan K. SinghChapter 10 The economics of cyanobacteria-based biofuel production: challenges and opportunities 167Naveen K. Sharma and Lucas J. StalChapter 11 Cyanobacterial cellulose synthesis in the light of the photanol concept 181R. Milou Schuurmans, Hans C.P. Matthijs, Lucas J. Stal, and Klaas J. HellingwerfChapter 12 Exopolysaccharides from cyanobacteria and their possible industrial applications 197Giovanni Colica and Roberto De PhilippisChapter 13 Phycocyanins 209Ruperto BermejoChapter 14 Cyanobacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates: an alternative source for plastics 227Shilalipi Samantaray, Ranjana Bhati, and Nirupama MallickPART IV: HARMFUL ASPECTS 245Chapter 15 Costs of harmful blooms of freshwater cyanobacteria 247David P. Hamilton, Susanna A. Wood, Daniel R. Dietrich, and Jonathan PuddickChapter 16 Cyanotoxins 257Jason N. Woodhouse, Melissa Rapadas, and Brett A. NeilanPART V: TOOLS, TECHNIQUES, AND PATENTS 269Chapter 17 Photobioreactors for cyanobacterial culturing 271A. Catarina Guedes, Nadpi G. Katkam, Jo˜ao Varela, and Francisco XavierMalcataChapter 18 Commercial-scale culturing of cyanobacteria: an industrial experience 293Hiroyuki Takenaka and Yuji YamaguchiChapter 19 Engineering cyanobacteria for industrial products 303Timo H.J. Niedermeyer, Ekaterina Kuchmina, and Annegret WildeChapter 20 Cryopreservation of cyanobacteria 319John G. DayChapter 21 Patents on cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial products and uses 329Michael A. BorowitzkaIndex 339

Dr. Naveen K. Sharma, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Post-Graduate College, India.Professor Ashawani K. Rai, Professor in Botany, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, India.Dr. Lucas J. Stal, Professor and Head of Department, Department of Marine Microbiology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW & Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Select Guide Rating

• List of contributors ixPreface xiiiAbout the editors xvAcknowledgements xviiAbout the book xixIntroduction xxiNaveen K. Sharma, Ashwani K. Rai, and Lucas J. StalAbout the companion website xxvPART I: BIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF CYANOBACTERIA 1Chapter 1 Cyanobacteria: biology, ecology and evolution 3Aharon OrenChapter 2 Modern classification of cyanobacteria 21Ji¢§r´©¥ Kom´arekPART II: ECOLOGICAL SERVICES RENDERED BY CYANOBACTERIA 41Chapter 3 Ecological importance of cyanobacteria 43Beatriz D´©¥ez and Karolina IninbergsChapter 4 Cyanobacteria and carbon sequestration 65Eduardo Jacob-Lopes, Leila Queiroz Zepka, and Maria Isabel QueirozChapter 5 Ecology of cyanobacteria on stone monuments, biodeterioration, and the conservation of cultural heritage 73Nitin Keshari and Siba Prasad AdhikariPART III: CYANOBACTERIAL PRODUCTS 91Chapter 6 Therapeutic applications of cyanobacteria with emphasis on their economics 93Rathinam Raja, Shanmugam Hemaiswarya, Isabel S. Carvalho, and VenkatesanGanesanChapter 7 Spirulina: an example of cyanobacteria as nutraceuticals 103Masayuki Ohmori and Shigeki EhiraChapter 8 Ultraviolet photoprotective compounds from cyanobacteria in biomedical applications 119Tanya Soule and Ferran Garcia-PichelChapter 9 Cyanobacteria as a ‘‘green’’ option for sustainable agriculture 145Radha Prasanna, Anjuli Sood, Sachitra Kumar Ratha, and Pawan K. SinghChapter 10 The economics of cyanobacteria-based biofuel production: challenges and opportunities 167Naveen K. Sharma and Lucas J. StalChapter 11 Cyanobacterial cellulose synthesis in the light of the photanol concept 181R. Milou Schuurmans, Hans C.P. Matthijs, Lucas J. Stal, and Klaas J. HellingwerfChapter 12 Exopolysaccharides from cyanobacteria and their possible industrial applications 197Giovanni Colica and Roberto De PhilippisChapter 13 Phycocyanins 209Ruperto BermejoChapter 14 Cyanobacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates: an alternative source for plastics 227Shilalipi Samantaray, Ranjana Bhati, and Nirupama MallickPART IV: HARMFUL ASPECTS 245Chapter 15 Costs of harmful blooms of freshwater cyanobacteria 247David P. Hamilton, Susanna A. Wood, Daniel R. Dietrich, and Jonathan PuddickChapter 16 Cyanotoxins 257Jason N. Woodhouse, Melissa Rapadas, and Brett A. NeilanPART V: TOOLS, TECHNIQUES, AND PATENTS 269Chapter 17 Photobioreactors for cyanobacterial culturing 271A. Catarina Guedes, Nadpi G. Katkam, Jo˜ao Varela, and Francisco XavierMalcataChapter 18 Commercial-scale culturing of cyanobacteria: an industrial experience 293Hiroyuki Takenaka and Yuji YamaguchiChapter 19 Engineering cyanobacteria for industrial products 303Timo H.J. Niedermeyer, Ekaterina Kuchmina, and Annegret WildeChapter 20 Cryopreservation of cyanobacteria 319John G. DayChapter 21 Patents on cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial products and uses 329Michael A. BorowitzkaIndex 339