Rouf Ahmad Bhat, Researcher, Department of School Education, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Gowhar Hamid Dar, Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Sri Pratap College, Higher Education Department, Cluster University Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli, Researcher, Pitágoras College, Divinópolis Unity, Brazil. Saima Hamid, Researcher, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

• About the Book xviiAbout the Editors xixPreface xxi1 Emerging Techniques for Treatment of Wastewater 1Naseema A. Wani, Nazir A. Malik, Younas R. Tantary, Ishrat Jan, Tawseef Ahmad, and Mohammad S. Wani1.1 Introduction 11.2 Composition of Untreated Wastewater and Its Effect on Water Bodies 21.3 Strategies to Treat Wastewater 41.4 Tertiary Treatment 81.5 Natural Processes for Wastewater Management 91.6 Emerging or Advanced Techniques for the Treatment of Wastewater 111.7 Conclusion 172 Aquatic Ecosystems and Health Threats: Case Study on the Nickel Pollution in Gölbasi Lake in Hatay -- Turkiye 25Volkan Altay, Büsra Kara, Ibrahim E. Yalcin, and Munir Ozturk2.1 Introduction 252.2 Threats to the Health of Aquatic Ecosystems 252.3 Data Analysis 292.4 Results from the Study 312.5 Conclusions 383 Endophytic Fungi and Bacteria: Enhancement of Heavy Metal Phytoextraction 43Amauri Ponce-Hernández, Javier A. Gómez-Rubio, Juan G. Ceballos-Maldonado, Domingo Martínez-Soto, Margarita Márquez-Vega, Alejandro Hernández-Morales, and Candy Carranza-Álvarez3.1 Introduction 433.2 Main Anthropogenic Sources Releasing HMs into the Environment 433.3 Phytoremediation of HMs 443.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 473.5 Factors that Increase HMs Phytoremediation 473.6 Phytoremediation Mechanisms 483.7 Microbiota in Plants Used in Phytoremediation 503.8 Bacteria that Enhance Phytoremediation 533.9 Conclusion 534 Mechanism of Heavy Metal-Induced Stress and Tolerance 61Jose A. Montes-Rocha, Angel J. Alonso-Castro, and Candy Carranza-Álvarez4.1 Introduction 614.2 Heavy Metal-Induced Stress 614.3 Metal Tolerance Mechanisms 624.4 Root Exudates 624.5 Cellular Wall 634.6 Plasma Membrane 654.7 Vacuole 674.8 Xylem 674.9 Phloem 684.10 Sequestering of Metals in the Cytosol by Various Ligands 694.11 Considerations 714.12 Conclusion 715 Biotechnology for Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Wastewater 77Younis A. Hajam5.1 Introduction 775.2 Organic Contaminants 785.3 Biotechnology in Environmental Engineering 795.4 Biological Treatment 825.5 Electrochemical Method 845.6 Heavy Metal Treatment 865.7 Conclusion 876 Novel Trends of Biotechnology in Wastewater Treatment 95Anjani K. Upadhyay, Kazi N. Hasan, Apratim Chakraborty, and Manisha Priyadarshini6.1 Introduction 956.2 The Nascent Organic Methods 966.3 Forthcoming Technologies/Incubating Ideas: Theory of Existential Growth 1046.4 Conclusion: Progression of Trending Technologies in Water Science 1057 Role of Free-Floating Macrophytes in the Abatement of Disturbed Environments 113Wajiha Anum, Umair Riaz, Ghulam Murtaza, Syed Ali Zulqadar, and Laila Shahzad7.1 Introduction 1137.2 Nutrient Equilibrium 1137.3 Importance of Free-Floating Macrophytes in Ecosystem Structure and Function 1137.4 How Toxins are Added to the Environment 1147.5 Role of Aquatic Plants in Water Bodies 1147.6 Phytoremediation 1157.7 FFPs as Bioabsorbants 1168 Enzymatic Approach for Phytoremediation 123Anjali Pathak, Mahendra K. Gupta, Mir S. Rabani, Shivani Tripathi, Sadhna Pandey , Charu Gupta, and Meenakshi Shrivastav8.1 Introduction 1238.2 Mechanism and Types of Phytoremediation 1248.3 Conclusion 1289 Phyto-Metalloproteins and Restoration of Freshwater Ecosystems 131Ekta B. Jadhav, Shefali, Varad Nagar, Vinay Aseri, Poonam Kumari, Vanisha Godara, Sneha Lohar, Kumud K. Awasthi, Garima Awasthi, and Mahipal S. Sankhla9.1 Introduction 1319.2 Phytoremediation 1329.3 Role of Metalloproteins in Phytoremediation 1339.4 Use of Phytometalloproteins for Remediation of Contamination and Restoration of Freshwater Ecosystems 1349.5 Heavy Metal Uptake from Contaminated Water 1359.6 Phytometalloproteins in Remediation of Contaminated Freshwater Ecosystems 1379.7 Genetically Engineered or Modified Metalloproteins for Improved Remediation of Contaminated Water 1389.8 Conclusion 13910 Phytoremediation: The Way Forward 145Muatasim Jan, Tawseef A. Mir, and Rakesh K. Khare10.1 Introduction 14510.2 Need for Phytoremediation 14610.3 Phytoremediation Approaches 14710.4 Hyperaccumulation 15010.5 Genetically Engineered Plants and Phytoremediation 15210.6 Multiple Benefits of Phytoremediation from Ecological to Socioeconomic 15210.7 Phytoremediation-Theoretical Aspects 15410.8 Phytomanagement: A New Paradigm 15510.9 Future Prospects 15710.10 Conclusions 15711 Biotechnological Advancements in Phytoremediation 165Venkatesh Chunduri, Payal Kapoor, Anita Kumari, Aman Kumar, Saloni Sharma, Natasha Sharma, Satveer Kaur, and Monika Garg11.1 Introduction 16511.2 Types of Phytoremediation 16511.3 Types of Pollutants 16711.4 Naturally Available Plant Species for Phytoremediation 16811.5 Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants 16811.6 Advances in Biotechnological Approaches for Phytoremediation of Different Pollutants 17111.7 Biotechnology Advances in the Phytoremediation of Inorganic Pollutants 17211.8 Biotechnology Advances in the Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants 17511.9 Implications of Transgenic Plants for Phytoremediation against Herbicides 17511.10 Nanomaterials-Assisted Phytoremediation 17611.11 Next-Generation Sequencing and Omics Approach for Improving Phytoremediation 17611.12 Gene Editing Tools and Phytoremediation 17811.13 Conclusion 17912 Phytoremediation of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Contaminated Environs 189Durdana Shah, Azra Kamili, Nasreena Sajjad, Sumira Tyub, Gousia Majeed, Sabira Hafiz, Wasifa Noor, Saba Yaqoob, and Ishfaq Maqbool12.1 Introduction 18912.2 Mechanism of Phytoremediation by Heavy Metals 19012.3 Factors which Affect Uptake Mechanisms 19312.4 Strategies for Improved Efficiency of Phytoremediation 19412.5 Metal Chelators Encoded by Overexpression Genes 19412.6 Origins of Pesticide Entry into Water 19412.7 Effects of Pesticides 19712.8 Threats to Terrestrial Biodiversity 19912.9 Impacts of Pesticides on Soil Ecosystem Services 19913 Biotechnological Interventions for Removal of Heavy Metals and Metalloids from Water Resources 207Munir Ozturk, Bengu Turkyilmaz Unal, and Huseyin Turker13.1 Introduction 20713.2 Water Pollution 20713.3 Heavy Metals and Metalloids 20813.4 Effects of Heavy Metals and Metalloids on Water Pollution 20813.5 Heavy Metal and Metalloids Removal 20913.6 Bioremediation in Pollution Management 20913.7 Biosensors 21213.8 Biotechnological Methods Used in the Removal of HMMs 21313.9 Conclusion 21314 Microbial Biofilms -- Pollutant Load Suppressor 219Tanaji V. Latha, Uzma Sultana, Podduturi Vanamala, and Mir Z. Gul14.1 Introduction 21914.2 Characteristic Features of Biofilms that are Exploited for Bioremediation 21914.3 Environmental Pollutants 22014.4 Microbial Biofilms 22014.5 Pesticide Degradation 22414.6 Wastewater Treatment 22514.7 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) 22514.8 Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants 22614.9 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals 22614.10 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 22714.11 Conclusion 22915 Recent Advances in the Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Insights from Whole Genome Sequencing 239Yahaya Y. Riko and Zubairu U. Darma15.1 Introduction: Aquatic Contamination Through Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- Sources, Statistics, Impact, and Solution 23915.2 Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS): History, Concepts, Methodology, Analyses, and Relevance to Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 24115.3 Key Insights and Recent Advances from Studies on the WGS of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Degrading (Hydrocarbonoclastic) Bacteria in the Past Decade (2012--2021) 24615.4 Future Research Directions in WGS Studies of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria 26715.5 Conclusions 26816 Green Synthesized Nanomaterials as Tools to Remediate Aquatic Pollution 277Charu Gupta, Mahendra K. Gupta, Mir S. Rabani, Shivani Tripathi, and Anjali Pathak16.1 Introduction 27716.2 Approaches of Nanoparticle Synthesis 27816.3 Routes of Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis 27916.4 Applications of Green Nanomaterials in the Remediation of Aquatic Pollution 28016.5 Conclusion 28517 Nanotechnology-Based Applications: A Valuable Tool for Wastewater Clean-up 291Mir Z. Gul, Beedu S. Rao, and Karuna Rupula17.1 Introduction 29117.2 Nanotechnology: A Reliable Tool 29217.3 Main Nanotechnological Processes for Water Purification and Wastewater Treatment 29317.4 Polymer-Based Nanoabsorbents 29517.5 Membrane-Based Technology 29617.6 Nanomaterials for Microbial Control and Disinfection 29917.7 Photocatalytic-Based Technology 30017.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook 30218 Reliability on Nanoscience: A Valuable Cleaning Tool for Wastewaters 313Fernanda M. P. Tonelli, Helon G. Cordeiro, Danilo R. C. Ferreira, and Flávia C. P. Tonelli18.1 Introduction 31318.2 Wastewater's Pollution 31318.3 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials 31418.4 Nanoscience and Wastewater Remediation 31618.5 Conclusions 32118.6 Future Perspectives 32119 Transgenic Plant Technology and its Role in Bioremediation 329Gulzar A. Rathar, Romica Verma, and Bhavana Sharma19.1 Introduction 32919.2 Transgenic Plant Technology 33119.3 Transgenic Plants in Bioremediation 33119.4 Metal Accumulators 33219.5 Need for Transgenic Plants 33319.6 Phytoremediation Via Chelation 33419.7 Phytovolatilization 33519.8 Chemical Modification 33619.9 Risk Assessment 33719.10 Future Perspectives 33820 Comprehensive Note on Various Wastewater Treatment Strategies 345Amna Aqeel and Javaria Zafar20.1 Introduction 34520.2 Treatment Strategies 34620.3 Methods of Wastewater Treatments 35020.4 Electrochemical Methods of Wastewater Treatment 35520.5 Biological Treatment 35620.6 Strategies for Biological Treatment 35621 Case Studies of Aquatic Contamination and Bioremediation 367Younis A. Hajam and Diksha21.1 Introduction 36721.2 Water Contamination 36721.3 Noxious and Hazardous Combinations in Diesel-Tarnished Water 37421.4 Halophilic Tiny Creatures Expected to Work as Bioremediation Trained Professionals 37521.5 Parts Drew in with Diesel Bioremediation by Organisms 37621.6 Conclusion 377References 377Glossary 385Index 389

Rouf Ahmad Bhat, Researcher, Department of School Education, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Gowhar Hamid Dar, Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Sri Pratap College, Higher Education Department, Cluster University Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli, Researcher, Pitágoras College, Divinópolis Unity, Brazil. Saima Hamid, Researcher, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

• About the Book xviiAbout the Editors xixPreface xxi1 Emerging Techniques for Treatment of Wastewater 1Naseema A. Wani, Nazir A. Malik, Younas R. Tantary, Ishrat Jan, Tawseef Ahmad, and Mohammad S. Wani1.1 Introduction 11.2 Composition of Untreated Wastewater and Its Effect on Water Bodies 21.3 Strategies to Treat Wastewater 41.4 Tertiary Treatment 81.5 Natural Processes for Wastewater Management 91.6 Emerging or Advanced Techniques for the Treatment of Wastewater 111.7 Conclusion 172 Aquatic Ecosystems and Health Threats: Case Study on the Nickel Pollution in Gölbasi Lake in Hatay -- Turkiye 25Volkan Altay, Büsra Kara, Ibrahim E. Yalcin, and Munir Ozturk2.1 Introduction 252.2 Threats to the Health of Aquatic Ecosystems 252.3 Data Analysis 292.4 Results from the Study 312.5 Conclusions 383 Endophytic Fungi and Bacteria: Enhancement of Heavy Metal Phytoextraction 43Amauri Ponce-Hernández, Javier A. Gómez-Rubio, Juan G. Ceballos-Maldonado, Domingo Martínez-Soto, Margarita Márquez-Vega, Alejandro Hernández-Morales, and Candy Carranza-Álvarez3.1 Introduction 433.2 Main Anthropogenic Sources Releasing HMs into the Environment 433.3 Phytoremediation of HMs 443.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 473.5 Factors that Increase HMs Phytoremediation 473.6 Phytoremediation Mechanisms 483.7 Microbiota in Plants Used in Phytoremediation 503.8 Bacteria that Enhance Phytoremediation 533.9 Conclusion 534 Mechanism of Heavy Metal-Induced Stress and Tolerance 61Jose A. Montes-Rocha, Angel J. Alonso-Castro, and Candy Carranza-Álvarez4.1 Introduction 614.2 Heavy Metal-Induced Stress 614.3 Metal Tolerance Mechanisms 624.4 Root Exudates 624.5 Cellular Wall 634.6 Plasma Membrane 654.7 Vacuole 674.8 Xylem 674.9 Phloem 684.10 Sequestering of Metals in the Cytosol by Various Ligands 694.11 Considerations 714.12 Conclusion 715 Biotechnology for Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Wastewater 77Younis A. Hajam5.1 Introduction 775.2 Organic Contaminants 785.3 Biotechnology in Environmental Engineering 795.4 Biological Treatment 825.5 Electrochemical Method 845.6 Heavy Metal Treatment 865.7 Conclusion 876 Novel Trends of Biotechnology in Wastewater Treatment 95Anjani K. Upadhyay, Kazi N. Hasan, Apratim Chakraborty, and Manisha Priyadarshini6.1 Introduction 956.2 The Nascent Organic Methods 966.3 Forthcoming Technologies/Incubating Ideas: Theory of Existential Growth 1046.4 Conclusion: Progression of Trending Technologies in Water Science 1057 Role of Free-Floating Macrophytes in the Abatement of Disturbed Environments 113Wajiha Anum, Umair Riaz, Ghulam Murtaza, Syed Ali Zulqadar, and Laila Shahzad7.1 Introduction 1137.2 Nutrient Equilibrium 1137.3 Importance of Free-Floating Macrophytes in Ecosystem Structure and Function 1137.4 How Toxins are Added to the Environment 1147.5 Role of Aquatic Plants in Water Bodies 1147.6 Phytoremediation 1157.7 FFPs as Bioabsorbants 1168 Enzymatic Approach for Phytoremediation 123Anjali Pathak, Mahendra K. Gupta, Mir S. Rabani, Shivani Tripathi, Sadhna Pandey , Charu Gupta, and Meenakshi Shrivastav8.1 Introduction 1238.2 Mechanism and Types of Phytoremediation 1248.3 Conclusion 1289 Phyto-Metalloproteins and Restoration of Freshwater Ecosystems 131Ekta B. Jadhav, Shefali, Varad Nagar, Vinay Aseri, Poonam Kumari, Vanisha Godara, Sneha Lohar, Kumud K. Awasthi, Garima Awasthi, and Mahipal S. Sankhla9.1 Introduction 1319.2 Phytoremediation 1329.3 Role of Metalloproteins in Phytoremediation 1339.4 Use of Phytometalloproteins for Remediation of Contamination and Restoration of Freshwater Ecosystems 1349.5 Heavy Metal Uptake from Contaminated Water 1359.6 Phytometalloproteins in Remediation of Contaminated Freshwater Ecosystems 1379.7 Genetically Engineered or Modified Metalloproteins for Improved Remediation of Contaminated Water 1389.8 Conclusion 13910 Phytoremediation: The Way Forward 145Muatasim Jan, Tawseef A. Mir, and Rakesh K. Khare10.1 Introduction 14510.2 Need for Phytoremediation 14610.3 Phytoremediation Approaches 14710.4 Hyperaccumulation 15010.5 Genetically Engineered Plants and Phytoremediation 15210.6 Multiple Benefits of Phytoremediation from Ecological to Socioeconomic 15210.7 Phytoremediation-Theoretical Aspects 15410.8 Phytomanagement: A New Paradigm 15510.9 Future Prospects 15710.10 Conclusions 15711 Biotechnological Advancements in Phytoremediation 165Venkatesh Chunduri, Payal Kapoor, Anita Kumari, Aman Kumar, Saloni Sharma, Natasha Sharma, Satveer Kaur, and Monika Garg11.1 Introduction 16511.2 Types of Phytoremediation 16511.3 Types of Pollutants 16711.4 Naturally Available Plant Species for Phytoremediation 16811.5 Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants 16811.6 Advances in Biotechnological Approaches for Phytoremediation of Different Pollutants 17111.7 Biotechnology Advances in the Phytoremediation of Inorganic Pollutants 17211.8 Biotechnology Advances in the Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants 17511.9 Implications of Transgenic Plants for Phytoremediation against Herbicides 17511.10 Nanomaterials-Assisted Phytoremediation 17611.11 Next-Generation Sequencing and Omics Approach for Improving Phytoremediation 17611.12 Gene Editing Tools and Phytoremediation 17811.13 Conclusion 17912 Phytoremediation of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Contaminated Environs 189Durdana Shah, Azra Kamili, Nasreena Sajjad, Sumira Tyub, Gousia Majeed, Sabira Hafiz, Wasifa Noor, Saba Yaqoob, and Ishfaq Maqbool12.1 Introduction 18912.2 Mechanism of Phytoremediation by Heavy Metals 19012.3 Factors which Affect Uptake Mechanisms 19312.4 Strategies for Improved Efficiency of Phytoremediation 19412.5 Metal Chelators Encoded by Overexpression Genes 19412.6 Origins of Pesticide Entry into Water 19412.7 Effects of Pesticides 19712.8 Threats to Terrestrial Biodiversity 19912.9 Impacts of Pesticides on Soil Ecosystem Services 19913 Biotechnological Interventions for Removal of Heavy Metals and Metalloids from Water Resources 207Munir Ozturk, Bengu Turkyilmaz Unal, and Huseyin Turker13.1 Introduction 20713.2 Water Pollution 20713.3 Heavy Metals and Metalloids 20813.4 Effects of Heavy Metals and Metalloids on Water Pollution 20813.5 Heavy Metal and Metalloids Removal 20913.6 Bioremediation in Pollution Management 20913.7 Biosensors 21213.8 Biotechnological Methods Used in the Removal of HMMs 21313.9 Conclusion 21314 Microbial Biofilms -- Pollutant Load Suppressor 219Tanaji V. Latha, Uzma Sultana, Podduturi Vanamala, and Mir Z. Gul14.1 Introduction 21914.2 Characteristic Features of Biofilms that are Exploited for Bioremediation 21914.3 Environmental Pollutants 22014.4 Microbial Biofilms 22014.5 Pesticide Degradation 22414.6 Wastewater Treatment 22514.7 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) 22514.8 Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants 22614.9 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals 22614.10 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 22714.11 Conclusion 22915 Recent Advances in the Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Insights from Whole Genome Sequencing 239Yahaya Y. Riko and Zubairu U. Darma15.1 Introduction: Aquatic Contamination Through Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- Sources, Statistics, Impact, and Solution 23915.2 Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS): History, Concepts, Methodology, Analyses, and Relevance to Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 24115.3 Key Insights and Recent Advances from Studies on the WGS of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Degrading (Hydrocarbonoclastic) Bacteria in the Past Decade (2012--2021) 24615.4 Future Research Directions in WGS Studies of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria 26715.5 Conclusions 26816 Green Synthesized Nanomaterials as Tools to Remediate Aquatic Pollution 277Charu Gupta, Mahendra K. Gupta, Mir S. Rabani, Shivani Tripathi, and Anjali Pathak16.1 Introduction 27716.2 Approaches of Nanoparticle Synthesis 27816.3 Routes of Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis 27916.4 Applications of Green Nanomaterials in the Remediation of Aquatic Pollution 28016.5 Conclusion 28517 Nanotechnology-Based Applications: A Valuable Tool for Wastewater Clean-up 291Mir Z. Gul, Beedu S. Rao, and Karuna Rupula17.1 Introduction 29117.2 Nanotechnology: A Reliable Tool 29217.3 Main Nanotechnological Processes for Water Purification and Wastewater Treatment 29317.4 Polymer-Based Nanoabsorbents 29517.5 Membrane-Based Technology 29617.6 Nanomaterials for Microbial Control and Disinfection 29917.7 Photocatalytic-Based Technology 30017.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook 30218 Reliability on Nanoscience: A Valuable Cleaning Tool for Wastewaters 313Fernanda M. P. Tonelli, Helon G. Cordeiro, Danilo R. C. Ferreira, and Flávia C. P. Tonelli18.1 Introduction 31318.2 Wastewater's Pollution 31318.3 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials 31418.4 Nanoscience and Wastewater Remediation 31618.5 Conclusions 32118.6 Future Perspectives 32119 Transgenic Plant Technology and its Role in Bioremediation 329Gulzar A. Rathar, Romica Verma, and Bhavana Sharma19.1 Introduction 32919.2 Transgenic Plant Technology 33119.3 Transgenic Plants in Bioremediation 33119.4 Metal Accumulators 33219.5 Need for Transgenic Plants 33319.6 Phytoremediation Via Chelation 33419.7 Phytovolatilization 33519.8 Chemical Modification 33619.9 Risk Assessment 33719.10 Future Perspectives 33820 Comprehensive Note on Various Wastewater Treatment Strategies 345Amna Aqeel and Javaria Zafar20.1 Introduction 34520.2 Treatment Strategies 34620.3 Methods of Wastewater Treatments 35020.4 Electrochemical Methods of Wastewater Treatment 35520.5 Biological Treatment 35620.6 Strategies for Biological Treatment 35621 Case Studies of Aquatic Contamination and Bioremediation 367Younis A. Hajam and Diksha21.1 Introduction 36721.2 Water Contamination 36721.3 Noxious and Hazardous Combinations in Diesel-Tarnished Water 37421.4 Halophilic Tiny Creatures Expected to Work as Bioremediation Trained Professionals 37521.5 Parts Drew in with Diesel Bioremediation by Organisms 37621.6 Conclusion 377References 377Glossary 385Index 389

Rouf Ahmad Bhat, Researcher, Department of School Education, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Gowhar Hamid Dar, Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Sri Pratap College, Higher Education Department, Cluster University Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Fernanda Maria Policarpo Tonelli, Researcher, Pitágoras College, Divinópolis Unity, Brazil. Saima Hamid, Researcher, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

• About the Book xviiAbout the Editors xixPreface xxi1 Emerging Techniques for Treatment of Wastewater 1Naseema A. Wani, Nazir A. Malik, Younas R. Tantary, Ishrat Jan, Tawseef Ahmad, and Mohammad S. Wani1.1 Introduction 11.2 Composition of Untreated Wastewater and Its Effect on Water Bodies 21.3 Strategies to Treat Wastewater 41.4 Tertiary Treatment 81.5 Natural Processes for Wastewater Management 91.6 Emerging or Advanced Techniques for the Treatment of Wastewater 111.7 Conclusion 172 Aquatic Ecosystems and Health Threats: Case Study on the Nickel Pollution in Gölbasi Lake in Hatay -- Turkiye 25Volkan Altay, Büsra Kara, Ibrahim E. Yalcin, and Munir Ozturk2.1 Introduction 252.2 Threats to the Health of Aquatic Ecosystems 252.3 Data Analysis 292.4 Results from the Study 312.5 Conclusions 383 Endophytic Fungi and Bacteria: Enhancement of Heavy Metal Phytoextraction 43Amauri Ponce-Hernández, Javier A. Gómez-Rubio, Juan G. Ceballos-Maldonado, Domingo Martínez-Soto, Margarita Márquez-Vega, Alejandro Hernández-Morales, and Candy Carranza-Álvarez3.1 Introduction 433.2 Main Anthropogenic Sources Releasing HMs into the Environment 433.3 Phytoremediation of HMs 443.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 473.5 Factors that Increase HMs Phytoremediation 473.6 Phytoremediation Mechanisms 483.7 Microbiota in Plants Used in Phytoremediation 503.8 Bacteria that Enhance Phytoremediation 533.9 Conclusion 534 Mechanism of Heavy Metal-Induced Stress and Tolerance 61Jose A. Montes-Rocha, Angel J. Alonso-Castro, and Candy Carranza-Álvarez4.1 Introduction 614.2 Heavy Metal-Induced Stress 614.3 Metal Tolerance Mechanisms 624.4 Root Exudates 624.5 Cellular Wall 634.6 Plasma Membrane 654.7 Vacuole 674.8 Xylem 674.9 Phloem 684.10 Sequestering of Metals in the Cytosol by Various Ligands 694.11 Considerations 714.12 Conclusion 715 Biotechnology for Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Wastewater 77Younis A. Hajam5.1 Introduction 775.2 Organic Contaminants 785.3 Biotechnology in Environmental Engineering 795.4 Biological Treatment 825.5 Electrochemical Method 845.6 Heavy Metal Treatment 865.7 Conclusion 876 Novel Trends of Biotechnology in Wastewater Treatment 95Anjani K. Upadhyay, Kazi N. Hasan, Apratim Chakraborty, and Manisha Priyadarshini6.1 Introduction 956.2 The Nascent Organic Methods 966.3 Forthcoming Technologies/Incubating Ideas: Theory of Existential Growth 1046.4 Conclusion: Progression of Trending Technologies in Water Science 1057 Role of Free-Floating Macrophytes in the Abatement of Disturbed Environments 113Wajiha Anum, Umair Riaz, Ghulam Murtaza, Syed Ali Zulqadar, and Laila Shahzad7.1 Introduction 1137.2 Nutrient Equilibrium 1137.3 Importance of Free-Floating Macrophytes in Ecosystem Structure and Function 1137.4 How Toxins are Added to the Environment 1147.5 Role of Aquatic Plants in Water Bodies 1147.6 Phytoremediation 1157.7 FFPs as Bioabsorbants 1168 Enzymatic Approach for Phytoremediation 123Anjali Pathak, Mahendra K. Gupta, Mir S. Rabani, Shivani Tripathi, Sadhna Pandey , Charu Gupta, and Meenakshi Shrivastav8.1 Introduction 1238.2 Mechanism and Types of Phytoremediation 1248.3 Conclusion 1289 Phyto-Metalloproteins and Restoration of Freshwater Ecosystems 131Ekta B. Jadhav, Shefali, Varad Nagar, Vinay Aseri, Poonam Kumari, Vanisha Godara, Sneha Lohar, Kumud K. Awasthi, Garima Awasthi, and Mahipal S. Sankhla9.1 Introduction 1319.2 Phytoremediation 1329.3 Role of Metalloproteins in Phytoremediation 1339.4 Use of Phytometalloproteins for Remediation of Contamination and Restoration of Freshwater Ecosystems 1349.5 Heavy Metal Uptake from Contaminated Water 1359.6 Phytometalloproteins in Remediation of Contaminated Freshwater Ecosystems 1379.7 Genetically Engineered or Modified Metalloproteins for Improved Remediation of Contaminated Water 1389.8 Conclusion 13910 Phytoremediation: The Way Forward 145Muatasim Jan, Tawseef A. Mir, and Rakesh K. Khare10.1 Introduction 14510.2 Need for Phytoremediation 14610.3 Phytoremediation Approaches 14710.4 Hyperaccumulation 15010.5 Genetically Engineered Plants and Phytoremediation 15210.6 Multiple Benefits of Phytoremediation from Ecological to Socioeconomic 15210.7 Phytoremediation-Theoretical Aspects 15410.8 Phytomanagement: A New Paradigm 15510.9 Future Prospects 15710.10 Conclusions 15711 Biotechnological Advancements in Phytoremediation 165Venkatesh Chunduri, Payal Kapoor, Anita Kumari, Aman Kumar, Saloni Sharma, Natasha Sharma, Satveer Kaur, and Monika Garg11.1 Introduction 16511.2 Types of Phytoremediation 16511.3 Types of Pollutants 16711.4 Naturally Available Plant Species for Phytoremediation 16811.5 Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants 16811.6 Advances in Biotechnological Approaches for Phytoremediation of Different Pollutants 17111.7 Biotechnology Advances in the Phytoremediation of Inorganic Pollutants 17211.8 Biotechnology Advances in the Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants 17511.9 Implications of Transgenic Plants for Phytoremediation against Herbicides 17511.10 Nanomaterials-Assisted Phytoremediation 17611.11 Next-Generation Sequencing and Omics Approach for Improving Phytoremediation 17611.12 Gene Editing Tools and Phytoremediation 17811.13 Conclusion 17912 Phytoremediation of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Contaminated Environs 189Durdana Shah, Azra Kamili, Nasreena Sajjad, Sumira Tyub, Gousia Majeed, Sabira Hafiz, Wasifa Noor, Saba Yaqoob, and Ishfaq Maqbool12.1 Introduction 18912.2 Mechanism of Phytoremediation by Heavy Metals 19012.3 Factors which Affect Uptake Mechanisms 19312.4 Strategies for Improved Efficiency of Phytoremediation 19412.5 Metal Chelators Encoded by Overexpression Genes 19412.6 Origins of Pesticide Entry into Water 19412.7 Effects of Pesticides 19712.8 Threats to Terrestrial Biodiversity 19912.9 Impacts of Pesticides on Soil Ecosystem Services 19913 Biotechnological Interventions for Removal of Heavy Metals and Metalloids from Water Resources 207Munir Ozturk, Bengu Turkyilmaz Unal, and Huseyin Turker13.1 Introduction 20713.2 Water Pollution 20713.3 Heavy Metals and Metalloids 20813.4 Effects of Heavy Metals and Metalloids on Water Pollution 20813.5 Heavy Metal and Metalloids Removal 20913.6 Bioremediation in Pollution Management 20913.7 Biosensors 21213.8 Biotechnological Methods Used in the Removal of HMMs 21313.9 Conclusion 21314 Microbial Biofilms -- Pollutant Load Suppressor 219Tanaji V. Latha, Uzma Sultana, Podduturi Vanamala, and Mir Z. Gul14.1 Introduction 21914.2 Characteristic Features of Biofilms that are Exploited for Bioremediation 21914.3 Environmental Pollutants 22014.4 Microbial Biofilms 22014.5 Pesticide Degradation 22414.6 Wastewater Treatment 22514.7 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) 22514.8 Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants 22614.9 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals 22614.10 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 22714.11 Conclusion 22915 Recent Advances in the Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Insights from Whole Genome Sequencing 239Yahaya Y. Riko and Zubairu U. Darma15.1 Introduction: Aquatic Contamination Through Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- Sources, Statistics, Impact, and Solution 23915.2 Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS): History, Concepts, Methodology, Analyses, and Relevance to Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 24115.3 Key Insights and Recent Advances from Studies on the WGS of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Degrading (Hydrocarbonoclastic) Bacteria in the Past Decade (2012--2021) 24615.4 Future Research Directions in WGS Studies of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria 26715.5 Conclusions 26816 Green Synthesized Nanomaterials as Tools to Remediate Aquatic Pollution 277Charu Gupta, Mahendra K. Gupta, Mir S. Rabani, Shivani Tripathi, and Anjali Pathak16.1 Introduction 27716.2 Approaches of Nanoparticle Synthesis 27816.3 Routes of Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis 27916.4 Applications of Green Nanomaterials in the Remediation of Aquatic Pollution 28016.5 Conclusion 28517 Nanotechnology-Based Applications: A Valuable Tool for Wastewater Clean-up 291Mir Z. Gul, Beedu S. Rao, and Karuna Rupula17.1 Introduction 29117.2 Nanotechnology: A Reliable Tool 29217.3 Main Nanotechnological Processes for Water Purification and Wastewater Treatment 29317.4 Polymer-Based Nanoabsorbents 29517.5 Membrane-Based Technology 29617.6 Nanomaterials for Microbial Control and Disinfection 29917.7 Photocatalytic-Based Technology 30017.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook 30218 Reliability on Nanoscience: A Valuable Cleaning Tool for Wastewaters 313Fernanda M. P. Tonelli, Helon G. Cordeiro, Danilo R. C. Ferreira, and Flávia C. P. Tonelli18.1 Introduction 31318.2 Wastewater's Pollution 31318.3 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials 31418.4 Nanoscience and Wastewater Remediation 31618.5 Conclusions 32118.6 Future Perspectives 32119 Transgenic Plant Technology and its Role in Bioremediation 329Gulzar A. Rathar, Romica Verma, and Bhavana Sharma19.1 Introduction 32919.2 Transgenic Plant Technology 33119.3 Transgenic Plants in Bioremediation 33119.4 Metal Accumulators 33219.5 Need for Transgenic Plants 33319.6 Phytoremediation Via Chelation 33419.7 Phytovolatilization 33519.8 Chemical Modification 33619.9 Risk Assessment 33719.10 Future Perspectives 33820 Comprehensive Note on Various Wastewater Treatment Strategies 345Amna Aqeel and Javaria Zafar20.1 Introduction 34520.2 Treatment Strategies 34620.3 Methods of Wastewater Treatments 35020.4 Electrochemical Methods of Wastewater Treatment 35520.5 Biological Treatment 35620.6 Strategies for Biological Treatment 35621 Case Studies of Aquatic Contamination and Bioremediation 367Younis A. Hajam and Diksha21.1 Introduction 36721.2 Water Contamination 36721.3 Noxious and Hazardous Combinations in Diesel-Tarnished Water 37421.4 Halophilic Tiny Creatures Expected to Work as Bioremediation Trained Professionals 37521.5 Parts Drew in with Diesel Bioremediation by Organisms 37621.6 Conclusion 377References 377Glossary 385Index 389