Erik Ringmar is Professor of Political Science at Lund University, Sweden.

"A fascinating, eminently readable and important study of a key moment in the West's relationship with China: the plunder and burning of Yuanmingyuan Palace in 1860 by French and British troops. The immediate causes were expressions of European incomprehension and insecurity when face-to-face with Chinese civilization. The systemic cause was a clash of incompatible conceptions of order, between European sovereignty and Chinese hierarchy. The two conceptions could not be combined and the Chinese were compelled to give way to the Europeans. By focusing on performance, on how the occupying forces sought to present themselves to Chinese and Europeans back home, Ringmar teases out the motives behind their barbaric behavior and some of its longer-term effects on China." - Ned Lebow, James O. Freedman Presidential Professor of Government, Emeritus, Dartmouth College, USA "In this probing and deeply engaging account of the conflagration that brought an end to the Opium Wars, Erik Ringmar invites us to consider the origins and implications of a defining moment of liberal barbarism. In a refreshingly original move, he positions both the legendary glory of the imperial gardens and the orgy of violence that attended their destruction as critical elements in the increasingly fraught and consequential stories Europeans came to tell themselves about China over the course of the nineteenth century. Drawing on a wealth of literary and historical sources and attending carefully to the performative and ritualistic aspects of international relations, Erik Ringmar argues compellingly that the pillaging of the emperor's paradise in 1860 marks a turning point, real and symbolic, in Western Europe's relation to the rest of the world and to its own modernity. This book will be essential reading for students of the history of empire and of China's place on the world stage." David Porter, Professor, Department of English Language and Literature, University of Michigan, USA "With globalisation comes a decentering of analytical perspectives, and with new perspectives come unpleasant insights. Real, existing liberalism appears rather different than the disembodied ideological version." - Iver Neumann, Montague Burton Professor of International Relations, London School of Economics, UK "If performance is the cultural idiom through which political personages on the stage of diplomacy create history, then history is the ongoing spectacle of such actions. Erik Ringmar's study follows paradigms set forth by Bernard Cohn's ritual analysis of Lafayette' visit to America and Marshall Sahlins' mythic deconstruction of the arrival of stranger kings to Hawaii. He shows how meanings frame narratives and events in ways that not only explain the course of history, but also elucidate the subtle 'clash of civilizations' that is still at the competitive crux of international relations today." - Allen Chun, Research Fellow, Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan

• PART I: INTRODUCTION Liberals and Barbarians An Awesome Performance PART II: THE DESTRUCTION OF YUANMINGYUAN An Imperial Theme Park The North China Campaign of 1860 Enter the Barbarians PART III: LIBERAL BARBARIANS Assembling the Liberal Script Performing the Liberal Script War in the Age of Sensation Striking the Chinese with Awe PART IV: CONCLUSION An Eternal Object

Erik Ringmar is Professor of Political Science at Lund University, Sweden.

"A fascinating, eminently readable and important study of a key moment in the West's relationship with China: the plunder and burning of Yuanmingyuan Palace in 1860 by French and British troops. The immediate causes were expressions of European incomprehension and insecurity when face-to-face with Chinese civilization. The systemic cause was a clash of incompatible conceptions of order, between European sovereignty and Chinese hierarchy. The two conceptions could not be combined and the Chinese were compelled to give way to the Europeans. By focusing on performance, on how the occupying forces sought to present themselves to Chinese and Europeans back home, Ringmar teases out the motives behind their barbaric behavior and some of its longer-term effects on China." - Ned Lebow, James O. Freedman Presidential Professor of Government, Emeritus, Dartmouth College, USA "In this probing and deeply engaging account of the conflagration that brought an end to the Opium Wars, Erik Ringmar invites us to consider the origins and implications of a defining moment of liberal barbarism. In a refreshingly original move, he positions both the legendary glory of the imperial gardens and the orgy of violence that attended their destruction as critical elements in the increasingly fraught and consequential stories Europeans came to tell themselves about China over the course of the nineteenth century. Drawing on a wealth of literary and historical sources and attending carefully to the performative and ritualistic aspects of international relations, Erik Ringmar argues compellingly that the pillaging of the emperor's paradise in 1860 marks a turning point, real and symbolic, in Western Europe's relation to the rest of the world and to its own modernity. This book will be essential reading for students of the history of empire and of China's place on the world stage." David Porter, Professor, Department of English Language and Literature, University of Michigan, USA "With globalisation comes a decentering of analytical perspectives, and with new perspectives come unpleasant insights. Real, existing liberalism appears rather different than the disembodied ideological version." - Iver Neumann, Montague Burton Professor of International Relations, London School of Economics, UK "If performance is the cultural idiom through which political personages on the stage of diplomacy create history, then history is the ongoing spectacle of such actions. Erik Ringmar's study follows paradigms set forth by Bernard Cohn's ritual analysis of Lafayette' visit to America and Marshall Sahlins' mythic deconstruction of the arrival of stranger kings to Hawaii. He shows how meanings frame narratives and events in ways that not only explain the course of history, but also elucidate the subtle 'clash of civilizations' that is still at the competitive crux of international relations today." - Allen Chun, Research Fellow, Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan

• PART I: INTRODUCTION Liberals and Barbarians An Awesome Performance PART II: THE DESTRUCTION OF YUANMINGYUAN An Imperial Theme Park The North China Campaign of 1860 Enter the Barbarians PART III: LIBERAL BARBARIANS Assembling the Liberal Script Performing the Liberal Script War in the Age of Sensation Striking the Chinese with Awe PART IV: CONCLUSION An Eternal Object

Erik Ringmar is Professor of Political Science at Lund University, Sweden.

"A fascinating, eminently readable and important study of a key moment in the West's relationship with China: the plunder and burning of Yuanmingyuan Palace in 1860 by French and British troops. The immediate causes were expressions of European incomprehension and insecurity when face-to-face with Chinese civilization. The systemic cause was a clash of incompatible conceptions of order, between European sovereignty and Chinese hierarchy. The two conceptions could not be combined and the Chinese were compelled to give way to the Europeans. By focusing on performance, on how the occupying forces sought to present themselves to Chinese and Europeans back home, Ringmar teases out the motives behind their barbaric behavior and some of its longer-term effects on China." - Ned Lebow, James O. Freedman Presidential Professor of Government, Emeritus, Dartmouth College, USA "In this probing and deeply engaging account of the conflagration that brought an end to the Opium Wars, Erik Ringmar invites us to consider the origins and implications of a defining moment of liberal barbarism. In a refreshingly original move, he positions both the legendary glory of the imperial gardens and the orgy of violence that attended their destruction as critical elements in the increasingly fraught and consequential stories Europeans came to tell themselves about China over the course of the nineteenth century. Drawing on a wealth of literary and historical sources and attending carefully to the performative and ritualistic aspects of international relations, Erik Ringmar argues compellingly that the pillaging of the emperor's paradise in 1860 marks a turning point, real and symbolic, in Western Europe's relation to the rest of the world and to its own modernity. This book will be essential reading for students of the history of empire and of China's place on the world stage." David Porter, Professor, Department of English Language and Literature, University of Michigan, USA "With globalisation comes a decentering of analytical perspectives, and with new perspectives come unpleasant insights. Real, existing liberalism appears rather different than the disembodied ideological version." - Iver Neumann, Montague Burton Professor of International Relations, London School of Economics, UK "If performance is the cultural idiom through which political personages on the stage of diplomacy create history, then history is the ongoing spectacle of such actions. Erik Ringmar's study follows paradigms set forth by Bernard Cohn's ritual analysis of Lafayette' visit to America and Marshall Sahlins' mythic deconstruction of the arrival of stranger kings to Hawaii. He shows how meanings frame narratives and events in ways that not only explain the course of history, but also elucidate the subtle 'clash of civilizations' that is still at the competitive crux of international relations today." - Allen Chun, Research Fellow, Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan

• PART I: INTRODUCTION Liberals and Barbarians An Awesome Performance PART II: THE DESTRUCTION OF YUANMINGYUAN An Imperial Theme Park The North China Campaign of 1860 Enter the Barbarians PART III: LIBERAL BARBARIANS Assembling the Liberal Script Performing the Liberal Script War in the Age of Sensation Striking the Chinese with Awe PART IV: CONCLUSION An Eternal Object