Rosalind Horowitz is Professor, Discourse and Literacy Studies, Departments of Interdisciplinary Learning and Teaching and Educational Psychology, College of Education and Human Development, The University of Texas—San Antonio, USA. S. Jay Samuels is Professor Emeritus, Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education and Human Development, The University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, USA.

• PrefaceAcknowledgmentsChapter 1. The Achievement Gap in Reading: Unique Historical and Future PerspectivesRosalind Horowitz and S. Jay SamuelsPart I. Cases of Specific Demographics and EconomicsChapter 2. Poverty’s Powerful Effects on Reading Achievement and the Achievement GapDavid BerlinerChapter 3. Creating Responsive Teachers of Hispanic and Bilingual Students Learning EnglishRobert Jiménez, Sam David, Mark Pacheco, Victoria J. Risko, Lisa Pray, Keenan Fagan, and Mark Gonzales Chapter 4. Motivating and Instructing African American Students in ClassroomsJohn T. Guthrie and Angela McRaeChapter 5. Closing the Reading Achievement Gap for Indigenous ChildrenJay S. Blanchard and Kim AtwillPart II. Conceptualizing and Measuring the Achievement Gaps in ReadingChapter 6. Why the Achievement Gap?Edmund W. Gordon and Paola C. Heincke Chapter 7. Including Differences in Variability in Assessing the Achievement Gap in ReadingMichael HarwellChapter 8. International Brain Wars: Adolescent Reading Proficiency, Performance, and Achievement from a Competitive Global PerspectiveRosalind HorowitzPart III. Explaining and Reducing the Achievement Gaps in Reading Chapter 9. The Talk Gap Terrance D. Paul and Jill Gilkerson Chapter 10. Summer Reading Loss is the Basis of Almost all the Rich-Poor Reading Gap Richard L. Allington and Anne McGill-Franzen Part IV. Contradictory Efforts and Commonalities in Attempts to Close the Gaps in Reading AchievementChapter 11. The Federal Effort: How Five Different and Sometimes Contradictory Efforts have been made to Close the Achievement GapRichard Long and Alan FarstrupChapter 12. Synthesis, Discussion, and Recommendations: What We Can Do to Advance Reading Achievement Rosalind Horowitz and S. Jay SamuelsList of ContributorsAuthor IndexSubject Index

Rosalind Horowitz is Professor, Discourse and Literacy Studies, Departments of Interdisciplinary Learning and Teaching and Educational Psychology, College of Education and Human Development, The University of Texas—San Antonio, USA. S. Jay Samuels is Professor Emeritus, Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education and Human Development, The University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, USA.

• PrefaceAcknowledgmentsChapter 1. The Achievement Gap in Reading: Unique Historical and Future PerspectivesRosalind Horowitz and S. Jay SamuelsPart I. Cases of Specific Demographics and EconomicsChapter 2. Poverty’s Powerful Effects on Reading Achievement and the Achievement GapDavid BerlinerChapter 3. Creating Responsive Teachers of Hispanic and Bilingual Students Learning EnglishRobert Jiménez, Sam David, Mark Pacheco, Victoria J. Risko, Lisa Pray, Keenan Fagan, and Mark Gonzales Chapter 4. Motivating and Instructing African American Students in ClassroomsJohn T. Guthrie and Angela McRaeChapter 5. Closing the Reading Achievement Gap for Indigenous ChildrenJay S. Blanchard and Kim AtwillPart II. Conceptualizing and Measuring the Achievement Gaps in ReadingChapter 6. Why the Achievement Gap?Edmund W. Gordon and Paola C. Heincke Chapter 7. Including Differences in Variability in Assessing the Achievement Gap in ReadingMichael HarwellChapter 8. International Brain Wars: Adolescent Reading Proficiency, Performance, and Achievement from a Competitive Global PerspectiveRosalind HorowitzPart III. Explaining and Reducing the Achievement Gaps in Reading Chapter 9. The Talk Gap Terrance D. Paul and Jill Gilkerson Chapter 10. Summer Reading Loss is the Basis of Almost all the Rich-Poor Reading Gap Richard L. Allington and Anne McGill-Franzen Part IV. Contradictory Efforts and Commonalities in Attempts to Close the Gaps in Reading AchievementChapter 11. The Federal Effort: How Five Different and Sometimes Contradictory Efforts have been made to Close the Achievement GapRichard Long and Alan FarstrupChapter 12. Synthesis, Discussion, and Recommendations: What We Can Do to Advance Reading Achievement Rosalind Horowitz and S. Jay SamuelsList of ContributorsAuthor IndexSubject Index

Rosalind Horowitz is Professor, Discourse and Literacy Studies, Departments of Interdisciplinary Learning and Teaching and Educational Psychology, College of Education and Human Development, The University of Texas—San Antonio, USA. S. Jay Samuels is Professor Emeritus, Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education and Human Development, The University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, USA.

• PrefaceAcknowledgmentsChapter 1. The Achievement Gap in Reading: Unique Historical and Future PerspectivesRosalind Horowitz and S. Jay SamuelsPart I. Cases of Specific Demographics and EconomicsChapter 2. Poverty’s Powerful Effects on Reading Achievement and the Achievement GapDavid BerlinerChapter 3. Creating Responsive Teachers of Hispanic and Bilingual Students Learning EnglishRobert Jiménez, Sam David, Mark Pacheco, Victoria J. Risko, Lisa Pray, Keenan Fagan, and Mark Gonzales Chapter 4. Motivating and Instructing African American Students in ClassroomsJohn T. Guthrie and Angela McRaeChapter 5. Closing the Reading Achievement Gap for Indigenous ChildrenJay S. Blanchard and Kim AtwillPart II. Conceptualizing and Measuring the Achievement Gaps in ReadingChapter 6. Why the Achievement Gap?Edmund W. Gordon and Paola C. Heincke Chapter 7. Including Differences in Variability in Assessing the Achievement Gap in ReadingMichael HarwellChapter 8. International Brain Wars: Adolescent Reading Proficiency, Performance, and Achievement from a Competitive Global PerspectiveRosalind HorowitzPart III. Explaining and Reducing the Achievement Gaps in Reading Chapter 9. The Talk Gap Terrance D. Paul and Jill Gilkerson Chapter 10. Summer Reading Loss is the Basis of Almost all the Rich-Poor Reading Gap Richard L. Allington and Anne McGill-Franzen Part IV. Contradictory Efforts and Commonalities in Attempts to Close the Gaps in Reading AchievementChapter 11. The Federal Effort: How Five Different and Sometimes Contradictory Efforts have been made to Close the Achievement GapRichard Long and Alan FarstrupChapter 12. Synthesis, Discussion, and Recommendations: What We Can Do to Advance Reading Achievement Rosalind Horowitz and S. Jay SamuelsList of ContributorsAuthor IndexSubject Index