Adam Knobler is a Professor of the History of Religion at the Center for Religious Studies (CERES), Ruhr Universität Bochum. He is particularly interested in the use of mythologies in creating historical narratives. Among his publications is Mythology and Diplomacy in the Age of Exploration (2016).

• Introduction: Early Modern Crusader Medievalism Section One: Introduction Britain: The Crusading Hero France: A Nation of Crusaders Iberia: Reviving Past Glories Germany/Italy: New Nations in the Nineteenth Century Conclusions Section Two: Invented Crusading in Orthodox Europe Greek Irredentism the Megali Idea and Crusading Bulgaria’s One Man Crusade Russia and the Adoption of Crusading Terminology Conclusions Section Three: Islamicate Views of the Crusades in the Long 19th CenturySalibiyya and Crusading Indian Muslims Conclusions Section Four: World War One & Its Aftermath World War One The Rif War and the Carlists: a Crusader Medievalist HoldoverConclusions Conclusions

Adam Knobler is a Professor of the History of Religion at the Center for Religious Studies (CERES), Ruhr Universität Bochum. He is particularly interested in the use of mythologies in creating historical narratives. Among his publications is Mythology and Diplomacy in the Age of Exploration (2016).

• Introduction: Early Modern Crusader Medievalism Section One: Introduction Britain: The Crusading Hero France: A Nation of Crusaders Iberia: Reviving Past Glories Germany/Italy: New Nations in the Nineteenth Century Conclusions Section Two: Invented Crusading in Orthodox Europe Greek Irredentism the Megali Idea and Crusading Bulgaria’s One Man Crusade Russia and the Adoption of Crusading Terminology Conclusions Section Three: Islamicate Views of the Crusades in the Long 19th CenturySalibiyya and Crusading Indian Muslims Conclusions Section Four: World War One & Its Aftermath World War One The Rif War and the Carlists: a Crusader Medievalist HoldoverConclusions Conclusions