Wendy O’Brien is Adjunct Associate Professor at Deakin University, and Legal Officer with the Global Programme on Violence Against Children at the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, in Vienna. Wendy publishes on child justice, violence against children, and children’s rights in the digital age. Wendy’s academic research is conducted in a personal capacity, and is not a reflection of the views of the institutions with which she is affiliated.Cédric Foussard is an expert on justice for children, working at the international level. Foussard currently works for Terre des hommes Foundation as Advocacy and Global Learning Senior Advisor. For more than a decade he was Director of The International Juvenile Justice Observatory, an international not-for-profit organisation that promotes a global approach to child rights, especially for children in conflict with the law. Foussard is the lead organiser of the World Congresses on Justice for Children. He has contributed to several international and European publications on access to justice for children.

"Children and young people are routinely exposed to myriad forms of violence in criminal ‘justice’ systems around the world and those held in penal detention are especially vulnerable. This collection of essays both exposes such phenomena and charts ways in which it can be, and must be, addressed. The book makes a timely and important contribution to an evolving literature and it comprises an essential point of reference for researchers, advocates, policymakers and practitioners alike."Professor Barry Goldson, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, The University of Liverpool, UK"To put children behind bars not only subjects them to the risk of violence, it is itself a form of structural violence. If we wish to protect children against violence in the criminal justice system, we must reduce the practice of detention and imprisonment to the absolute minimum permitted by the Convention on the Rights of the Child: as a measure of last resort and, if really not avoidable, then only for the shortest appropriate period of time. Most importantly, children in conflict with the law should be diverted from the criminal justice to the child welfare system. The global perspectives on prevention outlined in the present book contain valuable evidence which will inform the UN Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty and reaffirm my strong belief that we must strive at a society where no child is left behind bars."Professor Manfred Nowak, University of Vienna and Global Campus of Human Rights Venice; Independent Expert leading the Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty"O’Brien & Foussard’s volume makes an important contribution of both societal and scientific relevance for the field of criminal justice in which, across the globe, many children suffer from violence and a denial of human rights and fundamental freedoms. The various chapters, written by leading authors from different parts of the world, provide diverse and enriching insights into how to prevent violence and secure humane treatment for all children in the criminal justice system."Ton Liefaard, Vice-Dean and UNICEF Professor of Children’s Rights, Leiden Law School, Leiden University, The Netherlands."Featuring the insights of experts from various parts of the world, this volume illustrates the persistent challenges to realising children’s rights in the field of criminal justice. Collectively, the volume identifies the importance of: ending the needless criminalisation of very young children; ending violent and inhuman sentences; and ending violence within closed institutions. With a clarity that will appeal to specialists and non-specialists alike, this book presents rich insights into globally relevant violence prevention strategies such as diversion, restorative justice, reducing the use of pretrial detention, and ensuring therapeutic responses to child victims and children in conflict with the law. As president of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, I warmly welcome this volume, and I wish the devoted editors a strong readership."Justice Renate Winter, President of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, United Nations

• List of figures. List of contributors. Foreword MARTA SANTOS PAIS. Introduction WENDY O’BRIEN. PART I: Problematising the (in)visibility of children in conflict with the law. 1 Youth justice ‘crises’ and the role for children’s rights in ending cycles of violence against children in conflict with the law WENDY O’BRIEN. 2 Media regulation: strategies to mitigate violence against children who are publicly ‘named and shamed’ FAITH GORDON. 3 Protective measures for children accused or convicted of serious crimes NESSA LYNCH. 4 Independent oversight and monitoring: advancing the rights of children deprived of their liberty LOUISE FORDE AND URSULA KILKELLY. PART II: Strategies to ensure the implementation of protective statutory and procedural safeguards. 5 Specialised child justice systems in Latin America: from national legal standards to effective implementation NICOLÁ SESPEJO. 6 Legal implementation: the missing piece of the puzzle in safeguarding children from violence in the Philippines ROWENA LEGASPI-MEDINA. 7 Access to justice for child victims of sexual violence in institutional care in India: the importance of legal and therapeutic supports ASHA BAJPAI. PART III: Realising children’s rights through prevention. 8 A hiding to something: reduction of violence against children in South Africa’s justice system ANN SKELTON. 9 The call to end inhuman sentencing of children VERONICA YATES AND LEO RATLEDGE. 10 Reforming pretrial detention of children: strategies and challenges in the Netherlands and the United States YANNICK VAN DEN BRINK AND BART LUBOW. 11 Diversion and restorative justice as tools to protect children from the violence of criminal justice involvement: lessons from Thailand MONIQUE ANDERSON AND KATTIYA RATANADILOK. 12 The mutual compatibility of children’s rights and public safety: community-based measures for children in conflict with the law in Catalonia 216 MANEL CAPDEVILA AND CÉDRIC FOUSSARD.

Wendy O’Brien is Adjunct Associate Professor at Deakin University, and Legal Officer with the Global Programme on Violence Against Children at the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, in Vienna. Wendy publishes on child justice, violence against children, and children’s rights in the digital age. Wendy’s academic research is conducted in a personal capacity, and is not a reflection of the views of the institutions with which she is affiliated.Cédric Foussard is an expert on justice for children, working at the international level. Foussard currently works for Terre des hommes Foundation as Advocacy and Global Learning Senior Advisor. For more than a decade he was Director of The International Juvenile Justice Observatory, an international not-for-profit organisation that promotes a global approach to child rights, especially for children in conflict with the law. Foussard is the lead organiser of the World Congresses on Justice for Children. He has contributed to several international and European publications on access to justice for children.

"Children and young people are routinely exposed to myriad forms of violence in criminal ‘justice’ systems around the world and those held in penal detention are especially vulnerable. This collection of essays both exposes such phenomena and charts ways in which it can be, and must be, addressed. The book makes a timely and important contribution to an evolving literature and it comprises an essential point of reference for researchers, advocates, policymakers and practitioners alike."Professor Barry Goldson, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, The University of Liverpool, UK"To put children behind bars not only subjects them to the risk of violence, it is itself a form of structural violence. If we wish to protect children against violence in the criminal justice system, we must reduce the practice of detention and imprisonment to the absolute minimum permitted by the Convention on the Rights of the Child: as a measure of last resort and, if really not avoidable, then only for the shortest appropriate period of time. Most importantly, children in conflict with the law should be diverted from the criminal justice to the child welfare system. The global perspectives on prevention outlined in the present book contain valuable evidence which will inform the UN Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty and reaffirm my strong belief that we must strive at a society where no child is left behind bars."Professor Manfred Nowak, University of Vienna and Global Campus of Human Rights Venice; Independent Expert leading the Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty"O’Brien & Foussard’s volume makes an important contribution of both societal and scientific relevance for the field of criminal justice in which, across the globe, many children suffer from violence and a denial of human rights and fundamental freedoms. The various chapters, written by leading authors from different parts of the world, provide diverse and enriching insights into how to prevent violence and secure humane treatment for all children in the criminal justice system."Ton Liefaard, Vice-Dean and UNICEF Professor of Children’s Rights, Leiden Law School, Leiden University, The Netherlands."Featuring the insights of experts from various parts of the world, this volume illustrates the persistent challenges to realising children’s rights in the field of criminal justice. Collectively, the volume identifies the importance of: ending the needless criminalisation of very young children; ending violent and inhuman sentences; and ending violence within closed institutions. With a clarity that will appeal to specialists and non-specialists alike, this book presents rich insights into globally relevant violence prevention strategies such as diversion, restorative justice, reducing the use of pretrial detention, and ensuring therapeutic responses to child victims and children in conflict with the law. As president of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, I warmly welcome this volume, and I wish the devoted editors a strong readership."Justice Renate Winter, President of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, United Nations

• List of figures. List of contributors. Foreword MARTA SANTOS PAIS. Introduction WENDY O’BRIEN. PART I: Problematising the (in)visibility of children in conflict with the law. 1 Youth justice ‘crises’ and the role for children’s rights in ending cycles of violence against children in conflict with the law WENDY O’BRIEN. 2 Media regulation: strategies to mitigate violence against children who are publicly ‘named and shamed’ FAITH GORDON. 3 Protective measures for children accused or convicted of serious crimes NESSA LYNCH. 4 Independent oversight and monitoring: advancing the rights of children deprived of their liberty LOUISE FORDE AND URSULA KILKELLY. PART II: Strategies to ensure the implementation of protective statutory and procedural safeguards. 5 Specialised child justice systems in Latin America: from national legal standards to effective implementation NICOLÁ SESPEJO. 6 Legal implementation: the missing piece of the puzzle in safeguarding children from violence in the Philippines ROWENA LEGASPI-MEDINA. 7 Access to justice for child victims of sexual violence in institutional care in India: the importance of legal and therapeutic supports ASHA BAJPAI. PART III: Realising children’s rights through prevention. 8 A hiding to something: reduction of violence against children in South Africa’s justice system ANN SKELTON. 9 The call to end inhuman sentencing of children VERONICA YATES AND LEO RATLEDGE. 10 Reforming pretrial detention of children: strategies and challenges in the Netherlands and the United States YANNICK VAN DEN BRINK AND BART LUBOW. 11 Diversion and restorative justice as tools to protect children from the violence of criminal justice involvement: lessons from Thailand MONIQUE ANDERSON AND KATTIYA RATANADILOK. 12 The mutual compatibility of children’s rights and public safety: community-based measures for children in conflict with the law in Catalonia 216 MANEL CAPDEVILA AND CÉDRIC FOUSSARD.

Wendy O’Brien is Adjunct Associate Professor at Deakin University, and Legal Officer with the Global Programme on Violence Against Children at the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, in Vienna. Wendy publishes on child justice, violence against children, and children’s rights in the digital age. Wendy’s academic research is conducted in a personal capacity, and is not a reflection of the views of the institutions with which she is affiliated.Cédric Foussard is an expert on justice for children, working at the international level. Foussard currently works for Terre des hommes Foundation as Advocacy and Global Learning Senior Advisor. For more than a decade he was Director of The International Juvenile Justice Observatory, an international not-for-profit organisation that promotes a global approach to child rights, especially for children in conflict with the law. Foussard is the lead organiser of the World Congresses on Justice for Children. He has contributed to several international and European publications on access to justice for children.

"Children and young people are routinely exposed to myriad forms of violence in criminal ‘justice’ systems around the world and those held in penal detention are especially vulnerable. This collection of essays both exposes such phenomena and charts ways in which it can be, and must be, addressed. The book makes a timely and important contribution to an evolving literature and it comprises an essential point of reference for researchers, advocates, policymakers and practitioners alike."Professor Barry Goldson, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, The University of Liverpool, UK"To put children behind bars not only subjects them to the risk of violence, it is itself a form of structural violence. If we wish to protect children against violence in the criminal justice system, we must reduce the practice of detention and imprisonment to the absolute minimum permitted by the Convention on the Rights of the Child: as a measure of last resort and, if really not avoidable, then only for the shortest appropriate period of time. Most importantly, children in conflict with the law should be diverted from the criminal justice to the child welfare system. The global perspectives on prevention outlined in the present book contain valuable evidence which will inform the UN Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty and reaffirm my strong belief that we must strive at a society where no child is left behind bars."Professor Manfred Nowak, University of Vienna and Global Campus of Human Rights Venice; Independent Expert leading the Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty"O’Brien & Foussard’s volume makes an important contribution of both societal and scientific relevance for the field of criminal justice in which, across the globe, many children suffer from violence and a denial of human rights and fundamental freedoms. The various chapters, written by leading authors from different parts of the world, provide diverse and enriching insights into how to prevent violence and secure humane treatment for all children in the criminal justice system."Ton Liefaard, Vice-Dean and UNICEF Professor of Children’s Rights, Leiden Law School, Leiden University, The Netherlands."Featuring the insights of experts from various parts of the world, this volume illustrates the persistent challenges to realising children’s rights in the field of criminal justice. Collectively, the volume identifies the importance of: ending the needless criminalisation of very young children; ending violent and inhuman sentences; and ending violence within closed institutions. With a clarity that will appeal to specialists and non-specialists alike, this book presents rich insights into globally relevant violence prevention strategies such as diversion, restorative justice, reducing the use of pretrial detention, and ensuring therapeutic responses to child victims and children in conflict with the law. As president of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, I warmly welcome this volume, and I wish the devoted editors a strong readership."Justice Renate Winter, President of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, United Nations

• List of figures. List of contributors. Foreword MARTA SANTOS PAIS. Introduction WENDY O’BRIEN. PART I: Problematising the (in)visibility of children in conflict with the law. 1 Youth justice ‘crises’ and the role for children’s rights in ending cycles of violence against children in conflict with the law WENDY O’BRIEN. 2 Media regulation: strategies to mitigate violence against children who are publicly ‘named and shamed’ FAITH GORDON. 3 Protective measures for children accused or convicted of serious crimes NESSA LYNCH. 4 Independent oversight and monitoring: advancing the rights of children deprived of their liberty LOUISE FORDE AND URSULA KILKELLY. PART II: Strategies to ensure the implementation of protective statutory and procedural safeguards. 5 Specialised child justice systems in Latin America: from national legal standards to effective implementation NICOLÁ SESPEJO. 6 Legal implementation: the missing piece of the puzzle in safeguarding children from violence in the Philippines ROWENA LEGASPI-MEDINA. 7 Access to justice for child victims of sexual violence in institutional care in India: the importance of legal and therapeutic supports ASHA BAJPAI. PART III: Realising children’s rights through prevention. 8 A hiding to something: reduction of violence against children in South Africa’s justice system ANN SKELTON. 9 The call to end inhuman sentencing of children VERONICA YATES AND LEO RATLEDGE. 10 Reforming pretrial detention of children: strategies and challenges in the Netherlands and the United States YANNICK VAN DEN BRINK AND BART LUBOW. 11 Diversion and restorative justice as tools to protect children from the violence of criminal justice involvement: lessons from Thailand MONIQUE ANDERSON AND KATTIYA RATANADILOK. 12 The mutual compatibility of children’s rights and public safety: community-based measures for children in conflict with the law in Catalonia 216 MANEL CAPDEVILA AND CÉDRIC FOUSSARD.