Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists

Michael Ljungberg is a Professor at Medical Radiation Physics, Lund, Lund University, Sweden. He started his research in the Monte Carlo field in 1983 through a project involving a simulation of whole-body counters but later changed the focus to more general applications in nuclear medicine imaging and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). As a parallel to his development of the Monte Carlo code SIMIND, he started working in 1985 with quantitative SPECT and problems related to attenuation and scatter. After earning his PhD in 1990, he received a research assistant position that allowed him to continue developing SIMIND for quantitative SPECT applications and established successful collaborations with international research groups. At this time, the SIMIND program also became used worldwide. Dr. Ljungberg became an associate professor in 1994 and in 2005, after working clinically as a nuclear medicine medical physicist, received a full professorship in the Science Faculty at Lund University. He became head of the Department of Medical Radiation Physics in 2013 and a full professor in the Medical Faculty in 2015.Besides the development of SIMIND to include a new camera system with CZT detectors, his research includes an extensive project in oncological nuclear medicine and, with colleagues, he developed dosimetry methods based on quantitative SPECT, Monte-Carlo absorbed dose calculations, and methods for accurate 3D dose planning for internal radionuclide therapy. In recent years, his work has focused on implementing Monte-Carlo based image reconstruction in SIMIND. He is also involved in the undergraduate education of medical physicists and biomedical engineers and is supervising MSC and PhD students. In 2012, Professor Ljungberg became a member of the European Association of Nuclear Medicines task group on dosimetry and served in that group for six years. He has published over a hundred original papers, 18 conference proceedings, 18 books and book chapters and 14 peer- reviewed papers.

• ContentsPreface...............................................................................................................................................................................ixContributors......................................................................................................................................................................xiEditor Bio....................................................................................................................................................................... xiiiChapter 1 The History of Nuclear Medicine.................................................................................................................1Bo- Anders JönssonChapter 2 Basic Atomic and Nuclear Physics.............................................................................................................15Gudrun Alm Carlsson and Michael LjungbergChapter 3 Basics of Radiation Interactions in Matter.................................................................................................39Michael LjungbergChapter 4 Radionuclide Production............................................................................................................................69Hans LundqvistChapter 5 Radiometry.................................................................................................................................................89Mats IsakssonChapter 6 Scintillation Detectors..............................................................................................................................107Per RoosChapter 7 Semiconductor Detectors.........................................................................................................................129Per RoosChapter 8 Gamma Spectrometry...............................................................................................................................145Christopher RääfChapter 9 Properties of the Digital Image................................................................................................................175Katarina Sjögreen GleisnerChapter 10 Image Processing......................................................................................................................................197Johan GustafssonChapter 11 Machine Learning....................................................................................................................................221Karl ÅströmChapter 12 Image File Structures in Nuclear Medicine..............................................................................................237Charles HerbstChapter 13 The Scintillation Camera..........................................................................................................................251Jonathan GearChapter 14 Collimators for Gamma Ray Imaging......................................................................................................265Roel van HolenChapter 15 Image Acquisition Protocols....................................................................................................................279Jonathan GearChapter 16 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and SPECT/ CT Hybrid Imaging................297Michael Ljungberg and Kjell ErlandssonChapter 17 Dedicated Tomographic Single Photon Systems......................................................................................315Jing Wu and Chi LiuChapter 18 PET Systems............................................................................................................................................333Stefaan VandenbergheChapter 19 Dead- time Effects in Nuclear Medicine Imaging Studies........................................................................343Carlos Uribe and Anna CellerChapter 20 Principles of Iterative Reconstruction for Emission Tomography...........................................................355Andrew J. ReaderChapter 21 PET-CT Systems......................................................................................................................................389Dimitris VisvikisChapter 22 Clinical Molecular PET/ MRI Hybrid Imaging........................................................................................397Bernhard SattlerChapter 23 Quality Assurance of Nuclear Medicine Systems....................................................................................427John DicksonChapter 24 Calibration and Traceability.....................................................................................................................455Brian E. ZimmermanChapter 25 Activity Quantification from Planar Images............................................................................................463Katarina Sjögreen GleisnerChapter 26 Quantification in Emission Tomography..................................................................................................479Brian F. Hutton, Kjell Erlandsson, and Kris ThielemansChapter 27 Multicentre Studies: Hardware and Software Requirements...................................................................499Terez Sera, Ronald Boellaard, Andres Kaalep, and Michael LjungbergChapter 28 Preclinical Molecular Imaging Systems...................................................................................................515Magnus DahlbomChapter 29 Monte Carlo Simulation of Nuclear Medicine Imaging Systems............................................................533David Sarrut and Michael LjungbergChapter 30 Beta and Alpha Particle Autoradiography................................................................................................563Anders Örbom, Brian W. Miller and Tom BäckChapter 31 Principles behind Computed Tomography (CT)......................................................................................589Mikael Gunnarsson and Kristina YdströmChapter 32 Principles behind Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)..........................................................................605Ronnie Wirestam