Michael Ljungberg is a Professor at Medical Radiation Physics, Lund, Lund University, Sweden. He started his research in the Monte Carlo field in 1983 through a project involving a simulation of whole-body counters but later changed the focus to more general applications in nuclear medicine imaging and SPECT. Parallel to his development of the Monte Carlo code, SIMIND, he began working in 1985 with quantitative SPECT and problems related to attenuation and scatter. After earning his PhD in 1990, he received a research assistant position that allowed him to continue developing SIMIND for quantitative SPECT applications and to establish successful collaborations with international research groups. At this time, the SIMIND program became used world-wide. Dr. Ljungberg became an associate professor in 1994 and, in 2005, after working clinically as a nuclear medicine medical physicist, received a full professorship in the Science Faculty at Lund University. He became the Head of the Department of Medical Radiation Physics at Lund in 2013 and a full professor in the Medical Faculty in 2015.Aside from the development of SIMIND – including new camera systems such as CZT detectors – his research includes an extensive project in oncological nuclear medicine. In this project, he and colleagues developed dosimetry methods based on quantitative SPECT, Monte Carlo absorbed-dose calculations, and methods for accurate 3D dose planning for internal radionuclide therapy. Lately, his work has focused on implementing Monte Carlo–based image reconstruction in SIMIND. He is also involved in the undergraduate education of medical physicists and bio-medical engineers and supervises MSc and PhD students. In 2012, Professor Ljungberg became a member of the European Association of Nuclear Medicines task group on Dosimetry and served that association for six years. He has published over a hundred original papers, 18 conference proceedings, 18 books and book chapters, and 14 peer-reviewed papers.

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• ContentsPreface................................................................................................................................................................ixEditor..................................................................................................................................................................xiContributors.................................................................................................................................................... xiiiChapter 1 Principles behind Radiopharmacy.................................................................................................1Thuy A. Tran and Erik SamenChapter 2 Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnostics: Planar/ SPECT..............................................................13Jim Ballinger and Jacek KoziorowskiChapter 3 Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnostics: PET...............................................................................27Philip H. ElsingaChapter 4 Radiopharmaceuticals for Radionuclide Therapy.......................................................................39Meltem Ocak, Emre Demirci, Jessie R. Nedrow and Rebecca KriminsChapter 5 Design Considerations for a Radiopharmaceutical Production Facility.....................................55Nic GillingsChapter 6 Methods and Equipment for Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals.....................................59Rolf Zijlma, Danique Giesen, Yvette Kruiter, Philip H. Elsinga and Gert LuurtsemaChapter 7 Environmental Compliance and Control for Radiopharmaceutical Production: CommercialManufacturing and Extemporaneous Preparation......................................................................................71Ching-​Hung Chiu, Ya-​Yao Huang, Wen-​Yi Chang and Jacek KoziorowskiChapter 8 GMP – Rules and Recommendations..........................................................................................87Oliver NeelsChapter 9 Management of Radioactive Waste in Nuclear Medicine...........................................................95Lena Jonsson and Hanna HolsteinChapter 10 Translation of Radiopharmaceuticals: Mouse to Man..............................................................101Pedro Fragoso Costa, Latifa Rbah-​Vidal, An Aerts, Fijs W.B. van Leeuwen andMargret SchotteliusChapter 11 Radionuclide Bone Scintigraphy...............................................................................................117Kanhaiyalal Agrawal and Gopinath GnanasegaranviChapter 12 Radionuclide Examination of the Kidneys................................................................................139Martin Šamal and Jiři TrnkaChapter 13 Neuroimaging in Nuclear Medicine..........................................................................................173Anne Larsson Stromvall and Susanna Jakobson MoChapter 14 Methodology and Clinical Implementation of Ventilation/ Perfusion Tomography for Diagnosisand Follow- up of Pulmonary Embolism and Other Pulmonary Diseases – Clinical Use ofHybrid V/ P SPECT- CT.............................................................................................................189Marika Bajc and Ari LindqvistChapter 15 Myocardial Perfusion Imaging..................................................................................................201Elin Tragardh, David Minarik and Mark LubberinkChapter 16 Infection and Inflammation.......................................................................................................213Erik H.J.G. Aarntzen and Andor W.J.M. GlaudemansChapter 17 Special Considerations in Pediatric Nuclear Medicine.............................................................231Sofie Lindskov Hansen, Soren Holm, Liselotte Hojgaard and Lise BorgwardtChapter 18 Antibody- based Radionuclide Imaging.....................................................................................243Steffie M.B. Peters, Erik H.J.G. Aarntzen and Sandra HeskampChapter 19 Radionuclide- based Diagnosis and Therapy of Prostate Cancer...............................................255Sven-​Erik Strand, Mohamed Altai, Joanna Strand and David UlmertChapter 20 Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy for Neuroendocrine Tumours...................................305Anna Sundlov and Katarina Sjogreen GleisnerChapter 21 Lymphoscintigraphy.................................................................................................................313Rimma Axelsson, Maria Holstensson and Ulrika EstenbergChapter 22 Diagnostic Ultrasound..............................................................................................................325Tomas JanssonChapter 23 Clinical Trials – Purpose and Procedures................................................................................337Anna Sundlov

Michael Ljungberg is a Professor at Medical Radiation Physics, Lund, Lund University, Sweden. He started his research in the Monte Carlo field in 1983 through a project involving a simulation of whole-body counters but later changed the focus to more general applications in nuclear medicine imaging and SPECT. Parallel to his development of the Monte Carlo code, SIMIND, he began working in 1985 with quantitative SPECT and problems related to attenuation and scatter. After earning his PhD in 1990, he received a research assistant position that allowed him to continue developing SIMIND for quantitative SPECT applications and to establish successful collaborations with international research groups. At this time, the SIMIND program became used world-wide. Dr. Ljungberg became an associate professor in 1994 and, in 2005, after working clinically as a nuclear medicine medical physicist, received a full professorship in the Science Faculty at Lund University. He became the Head of the Department of Medical Radiation Physics at Lund in 2013 and a full professor in the Medical Faculty in 2015.Aside from the development of SIMIND – including new camera systems such as CZT detectors – his research includes an extensive project in oncological nuclear medicine. In this project, he and colleagues developed dosimetry methods based on quantitative SPECT, Monte Carlo absorbed-dose calculations, and methods for accurate 3D dose planning for internal radionuclide therapy. Lately, his work has focused on implementing Monte Carlo–based image reconstruction in SIMIND. He is also involved in the undergraduate education of medical physicists and bio-medical engineers and supervises MSc and PhD students. In 2012, Professor Ljungberg became a member of the European Association of Nuclear Medicines task group on Dosimetry and served that association for six years. He has published over a hundred original papers, 18 conference proceedings, 18 books and book chapters, and 14 peer-reviewed papers.

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• ContentsPreface................................................................................................................................................................ixEditor..................................................................................................................................................................xiContributors.................................................................................................................................................... xiiiChapter 1 Principles behind Radiopharmacy.................................................................................................1Thuy A. Tran and Erik SamenChapter 2 Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnostics: Planar/ SPECT..............................................................13Jim Ballinger and Jacek KoziorowskiChapter 3 Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnostics: PET...............................................................................27Philip H. ElsingaChapter 4 Radiopharmaceuticals for Radionuclide Therapy.......................................................................39Meltem Ocak, Emre Demirci, Jessie R. Nedrow and Rebecca KriminsChapter 5 Design Considerations for a Radiopharmaceutical Production Facility.....................................55Nic GillingsChapter 6 Methods and Equipment for Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals.....................................59Rolf Zijlma, Danique Giesen, Yvette Kruiter, Philip H. Elsinga and Gert LuurtsemaChapter 7 Environmental Compliance and Control for Radiopharmaceutical Production: CommercialManufacturing and Extemporaneous Preparation......................................................................................71Ching-​Hung Chiu, Ya-​Yao Huang, Wen-​Yi Chang and Jacek KoziorowskiChapter 8 GMP – Rules and Recommendations..........................................................................................87Oliver NeelsChapter 9 Management of Radioactive Waste in Nuclear Medicine...........................................................95Lena Jonsson and Hanna HolsteinChapter 10 Translation of Radiopharmaceuticals: Mouse to Man..............................................................101Pedro Fragoso Costa, Latifa Rbah-​Vidal, An Aerts, Fijs W.B. van Leeuwen andMargret SchotteliusChapter 11 Radionuclide Bone Scintigraphy...............................................................................................117Kanhaiyalal Agrawal and Gopinath GnanasegaranviChapter 12 Radionuclide Examination of the Kidneys................................................................................139Martin Šamal and Jiři TrnkaChapter 13 Neuroimaging in Nuclear Medicine..........................................................................................173Anne Larsson Stromvall and Susanna Jakobson MoChapter 14 Methodology and Clinical Implementation of Ventilation/ Perfusion Tomography for Diagnosisand Follow- up of Pulmonary Embolism and Other Pulmonary Diseases – Clinical Use ofHybrid V/ P SPECT- CT.............................................................................................................189Marika Bajc and Ari LindqvistChapter 15 Myocardial Perfusion Imaging..................................................................................................201Elin Tragardh, David Minarik and Mark LubberinkChapter 16 Infection and Inflammation.......................................................................................................213Erik H.J.G. Aarntzen and Andor W.J.M. GlaudemansChapter 17 Special Considerations in Pediatric Nuclear Medicine.............................................................231Sofie Lindskov Hansen, Soren Holm, Liselotte Hojgaard and Lise BorgwardtChapter 18 Antibody- based Radionuclide Imaging.....................................................................................243Steffie M.B. Peters, Erik H.J.G. Aarntzen and Sandra HeskampChapter 19 Radionuclide- based Diagnosis and Therapy of Prostate Cancer...............................................255Sven-​Erik Strand, Mohamed Altai, Joanna Strand and David UlmertChapter 20 Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy for Neuroendocrine Tumours...................................305Anna Sundlov and Katarina Sjogreen GleisnerChapter 21 Lymphoscintigraphy.................................................................................................................313Rimma Axelsson, Maria Holstensson and Ulrika EstenbergChapter 22 Diagnostic Ultrasound..............................................................................................................325Tomas JanssonChapter 23 Clinical Trials – Purpose and Procedures................................................................................337Anna Sundlov