Matthew V. Novenson is Professor of Biblical Criticism and Biblical Antiquities at the University of Edinburgh. He is the author of, among other works, Christ among the Messiahs (2012), The Grammar of Messianism (2017), and Paul, Then and Now (2022).

• 1. The Christian problem of Paul and Judaism; 2. Paul's former occupation in Ioudaismos; 3. Who says justification from works of the law?; 4. Paul versus the Gentiles; 5. The legalism of Paul; 6. The ethnic chauvinism of Paul; 7. Carnal Israel; 8. Liberty and justice for all; 9. The end of the law and the last man.

Matthew V. Novenson is Professor of Biblical Criticism and Biblical Antiquities at the University of Edinburgh. He is the author of, among other works, Christ among the Messiahs (2012), The Grammar of Messianism (2017), and Paul, Then and Now (2022).

• 1. The Christian problem of Paul and Judaism; 2. Paul's former occupation in Ioudaismos; 3. Who says justification from works of the law?; 4. Paul versus the Gentiles; 5. The legalism of Paul; 6. The ethnic chauvinism of Paul; 7. Carnal Israel; 8. Liberty and justice for all; 9. The end of the law and the last man.

Matthew V. Novenson is Professor of Biblical Criticism and Biblical Antiquities at the University of Edinburgh. He is the author of, among other works, Christ among the Messiahs (2012), The Grammar of Messianism (2017), and Paul, Then and Now (2022).

• 1. The Christian problem of Paul and Judaism; 2. Paul's former occupation in Ioudaismos; 3. Who says justification from works of the law?; 4. Paul versus the Gentiles; 5. The legalism of Paul; 6. The ethnic chauvinism of Paul; 7. Carnal Israel; 8. Liberty and justice for all; 9. The end of the law and the last man.