Mark Tomass is Adjunct Professor at Harvard University Extension School, USA. His research focuses on civil conflict in the Middle East, organized crime, and monetary and credit crises. His writing draws from his experience as a native of Syria and from living through the Lebanese Civil War of 1975-90 and the Muslim Brothers' Revolt of 1976-82.

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• 1. The Significance of Religious Identity2. The Fertile Crescent Meets the Muslim Arabs3. Formation of the Jewish Identity 4. Formation of Christian Sectarian Identities5. Formation of Muslim Sectarian Identities 6. The Islamization of the Fertile Crescent 7. Social and Psychological Origins of Religious Conflict8. The New Media and the Islamic Awakening 9. From the Arab Spring to the Revolt of the Sunna10. The Remaking of the Fertile Crescent 11. Aleppo War Photos 2012-2014