Life History Evolution

Michal Segoli is an evolutionary and behavioural ecologist at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, where she teaches courses in life history evolution, evolutionary ecology, and conservation biological control. Eric Wajnberg is a population biologist affiliated with INRIA and INRAE in France and USP/ESALQ in Brazil. With 40 years of experience, he focuses on population genetics, behavioural ecology, and statistical modeling.

• List of Contributors xvForeword xixPreface xxiiiPart I Traits 11 Body Size and Timing of Maturation 3Toomas Tammaru and Tiit Teder1.1 Introduction 31.2 Part I 31.3 Part II 131.4 Conclusions 18Acknowledgements 18References 182 Evolution of Ageing and Lifespan 29Alexei A. Maklakov2.1 Introduction 292.2 Evolutionary Theory of Ageing 302.3 Asynchronous Ageing 382.4 Sex Differences in Ageing 402.5 Williams and Anti-Williams: Age, Density and Condition-Dependence of Mortality 422.6 Concluding Remarks 43Acknowledgements 43References 433 Offspring Size and Life History Theory: What Do We Know?: What Do We Still Need to Learn? 49Dustin J. Marshall3.1 Offspring Size Defined 493.2 The Knowns 493.3 The Unknowns 55References 574 The Evolution of Insect Egg Loads: The Balance of Time and Egg Limitation 61Michal Segoli, Miriam Kishinevsky, and George E. Heimpel4.1 Trade-Offs Between Early and Late Components of Reproduction 614.2 Time vs. Egg Limitation in Insects 614.3 Egg Maturation Patterns 624.4 The Relative Importance of Egg and Time Limitation 624.5 Additional Life History Strategies to Overcome the Risk of Egg Limitation 684.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 69Acknowledgements 69References 705 Sex-Specific Life Histories 77Hanna Kokko5.1 Introduction 775.2 Various Unidirectional Effects: Unguarded X, Mother’s Curse and Toxic Y 785.3 Multi-directionality: Coevolution of Different Traits 795.4 Towards Progress 90Acknowledgements 91References 916 Parental Care and Life History 97Hope Klug and Michael B. Bonsall6.1 What Is Parental Care and How Does It Relate to Life History? 976.2 Distinguishing Between the Origin and the Maintenance of Parental Care 986.3 Life History and the Origin of Parental Care 986.4 Life History and the Maintenance of Parental Care 1006.5 Co-evolution Between Parental Care, Offspring Traits and Parental Traits 1016.6 Sexual Selection, Life History and Sex Differences in Parental Care 1026.7 Stochasticity, Environmental Variability, Life History and Parental Care 1046.8 Plasticity and the Evolution of Parental Care 1066.9 Final Conclusions and Future Directions 108Acknowledgements 108References 1087 Sex Allocation 113Jun Abe and Stuart A. West7.1 Introduction 1137.2 Fisher’s Theory 1137.3 Interaction with Relatives 1157.4 Environmental Condition 1207.5 Future Directions 126Acknowledgements 126References 1268 Life History Evolution: Complex Life Cycles Across Animal Diversity 131Andreas Heyland, Konstantin Khalturin, and Vincent Laudet8.1 Integration of Metamorphic Development Within the Life Cycle 1318.2 The Regulation of Metamorphic Development by Hormones 1318.3 Review of Metamorphic Mechanisms Across Taxa with Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations 1328.4 Anthropogenic Environmental Impacts and Global Climate Change 144References 1459 Social Living and Life History Evolution, with a Focus on Ageing and Longevity 155Judith Korb and Volker Nehring9.1 Introduction 1559.2 Ultimate Causes of Long Reproductive Lifespans 1569.3 Colony Life History in Obligatory Eusocial Insects 1629.4 Proximate Mechanisms 1639.5 Conclusion 166Acknowledgements 167References 16710 Integrating Dispersal in Life History 175Dries Bonte10.1 Introduction 17510.2 Dispersal as Part of the Life History 17610.3 The Theory of Dispersal and Life Histories 17710.4 Dispersal-Life History Co-variation in Nature 18010.5 Concluding Remarks and Outlook: Why Should We Care? 184References 18511 The Evolution of Human Life Histories 191Megan Arnot and Ruth Mace11.1 Introduction 19111.2 Life History Trade-Offs 19111.3 The Life Histories of Great Apes 19211.4 Variation in Human Life History 19511.5 Menopause and the Post-reproductive Lifespan 19711.6 Final Remarks 205References 205Part II Interactions 21312 Life History Traits in the Context of Predator–Prey Interactions 215Joseph Travis12.1 Introduction 21512.2 Types of Predation 21612.3 Theory for Predator-Driven Life History Evolution 21712.4 Empirical Evidence 22012.5 Adaptive Plasticity in Life Histories 22212.6 Future Directions 224Acknowledgements 225References 22513 Life History Trait Evolution in the Context of Host–Parasite Interactions 229Alison B. Duncan, Giacomo Zilio, and Oliver Kaltz13.1 Introduction 22913.2 Host Life History Evolution in Response to Parasites 23013.3 Parasite Life History Evolution in Response to Hosts: The Case of Virulence 23813.4 Concluding Remarks 245References 24614 How Do Microbial Symbionts Shape the Life Histories of Multicellular Organisms? 255Elad Chiel and Yuval Gottlieb14.1 Introduction 25514.2 Categories of Microbial Symbiosis 25614.3 How Microbial Symbionts Are Involved in Essential Biological Functions of Their Hosts? 25614.4 Nutritional Microbial Symbionts 25714.5 Reproductive Microbial Symbionts 25814.6 Defensive Microbial Endosymbionts 25914.7 Diapause and Microbial Symbionts 26214.8 Concluding Remarks 262References 26215 Ecological and Evolutionary Links Between Defences and Life History Traits in Plants 269Xoaquín Moreira and Luis Abdala-Roberts15.1 Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Defences Against Herbivores 26915.2 Correlated Evolution of Plant Defences and Life History Traits 27015.3 Tripartite Views Shed Insight into the Evolution of Plant Life History Traits 27615.4 Challenges for Future Research 277References 27816 Are you in Synch?: How the Timing of Plant and Insect Life History Events Affects Pollination Interactions 285Tamar Keasar and Tzlil Labin16.1 Generalisation in Pollination Networks 28516.2 What Drives Flowering Phenology? 28616.3 What Drives Pollinator Phenology? 28616.4 Do Interacting Plant–Insect Species Share Similar Reaction Norms to Temperature? 28616.5 Species-Level Phenological Asynchrony and Generalized Pollination: A Case Study 28716.6 Community-Level Phenology and Pollination Specialisation 29116.7 Concluding Remarks 292References 29317 Life Histories in the Context of Mutualism 297Renee M. Borges17.1 Introduction 29717.2 Mutualism Benefits and Life History Traits 29817.3 Future Directions 306References 307Part III Applications 31518 Life History and Climate Change 317Juha Merilä and Lei lv18.1 Introduction 31718.2 Effects of ACC on Life History Strategies and Trade-Offs 31818.3 Phenology 31918.4 Body Size 32018.5 Reproductive Output and Success 32118.6 Survival and Senescence 32218.7 Population Demography and Extinction Risk 32418.8 Genetic or Environmental Responses 32518.9 Conclusions and Outlook 326Acknowledgements 326References 32619 Environmental Pollution Effects on Life History 333Denis Réale, Loïc Quevarec, and Jean-Marc Bonzom19.1 Introduction 33319.2 The Role of Life History Theories in Ecotoxicology 33419.3 The Acquisition/Allocation Principle and the Responses of Organisms to Pollution 33519.4 Literature Survey on Mechanisms Involved in the Life History Responses to Pollutants 33919.5 Case Studies 34719.6 Conclusion and Future Directions 348References 35020 Life History Evolution on Expansion Fronts 357Elodie Vercken and Ben L. Phillips20.1 What Are Expansion Fronts and Why Are They Hotspots for Rapid Evolution 35720.2 Trade-Offs Matter 36320.3 Other Types of Expansions, How Our Expectations Might Change 36420.4 An Applied Case Study: The Cane Toad 36720.5 Summary and Future Directions 368References 36821 Adaptive Evolution of Life History Traits in Urban Environments 375Yuval Itescu, Maud Bernard-Verdier, and Jonathan M. Jeschke21.1 Introduction 37521.2 Urban Drivers of Selection on Life History Traits 37521.3 Studying Evolution in Urban Areas 37921.4 Available Evidence of Adaptive Life History Evolution in Urban Areas 38021.5 Synthesis and Perspectives 389Acknowledgements 393References 39322 Life History and Biological Control 403Paul K. Abram and Ryan L. Paul22.1 Introduction 40322.2 Selecting Among Interspecific Life History Variation 40622.3 Managing or Manipulating Intraspecific Life History Variation 40922.4 Using Life History to Inform Environmental Management and Agent Release Strategies 41322.5 Future Directions and Conclusions 416Acknowledgements 417References 41823 Life History and Exploitative Management of Fish and Wildlife 425Marco Festa-Bianchet23.1 Introduction 42523.2 Life History Traits, Density-Dependence and Sustainable Harvest 42523.3 Contrasting Life Histories and Harvest Potential 42723.4 Ecological Plasticity and Evolutionary Sources of Variability: A Few Ungulate Examples 42923.5 How Can Knowledge of Life History Traits Improve Harvest Management? 42923.6 Life History and Trophy Hunting 43123.7 Life History and Compensatory Population Responses to Harvest 43123.8 The Special Case of Sexually Selected Infanticide 43223.9 Can Harvest Affect the Evolution of Life History Strategies? 43223.10 Conclusion and Future Directions 434Acknowledgements 434References 43524 Life History and the Control of Diseases 439Jessica E. Metcalf and Justin K. Sheen24.1 Introduction 43924.2 Life History Outcomes: A Classic Theoretical Scaffold to Illustrate Predictions 44024.3 Levels of Selection 44524.4 The Complexities of Variance and Covariation in Empirical Systems 44824.5 Frontiers in Life History Evolution and Pathogen Control 45124.6 Conclusions 452References 453Index 457