Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the Edo University Iyamho, in Edo State, Nigeria. Currently, he is the Director of Intellectual Properties and Technology Transfer and Chairman of the Committee on Research Grants at EUI. He has won several scientific awards and grants from renowned academic bodies such as the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India. He has published more than 600 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals as well as more than 50 books, 340 book chapters, and many scientific patents. Chukwuebuka Egbuna, PhD, is a chartered chemist and academic researcher. He has been engaged in several roles at New Divine Favor Pharmaceutical Industry Limited, Nigeria as well as at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University in Nigeria His primary research interests include biochemistry, phytochemistry, pharmacology, etc. He has published research articles in many international journals and edited over 20 books. Anton Ficai, PhD, is a professor in the Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica, Bucharest, Romania. His research interests include tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, multifunctional materials, etc. He has published over 250 scientific papers, edited two books, received 10 patents, and has 18 patents in the application stage. Oluwatosin Ademola Ijabadeniyi, PhD, is the founder of Food Safety Africa and is a visiting professor at the Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Canada. He has worked in the food industry and academia since 2001 and has conducted research and lectured internationally about food quality and safety. His numerous scientific publications have earned several accolades, including research grants, awards, and fellowships such as the Association of Commonwealth Universities fellowship and the APHL-CDC fellowship.

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• Preface xxiii1 Application of Nanobiofertilization for Bioremediation and Ecorestoration of Polluted Soil/Farmland 1Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Margaret Oniha, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Opeyemi Isaac Ayanda, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and John Tsado Mathew1.1 Introduction 21.2 Nanoparticles 31.3 Nanobiofertilization in Bioremediation 101.4 Application of Nanobiofertilization in Bioremediation 151.5 Environmental Distress 211.6 Conclusion 22References 222 Influence of Nanobiofertilizer on Plant Yield and Growth 37Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Andrew Aladele Kolawole, Jerry Gbotemi Oni, Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Margaret Oniha and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji2.1 Introduction 38Nanobiofertilizer 39Composition of Nanobiofertilizer 40Mechanisms of Nutrient Delivery and Enhanced Bioavailability 42Seed Priming (Nanopriming) 42Soil-Based Application 43Nanobiofertilizer Plant System Interaction 43Impact of Nanobiofertilizer on Plant Biomass 44Factors Contributing to Enhanced Plant Growth 45Comparison of Biomass Enhancement with Traditional Fertilizers 47Nanobiofertilizer-Induced Biomass and Chlorophyll Content Enhancement 49Crop-Specific Responses to Nanobiofertilizers 49Case Studies Highlighting Positive Outcomes on Various Crops 50Environmental and Economic Considerations on the Use of Nanobiofertilizers 52Comparison of Nanobiofertilizers with Traditional Fertilizers in Terms of Cost and Effectiveness 53Potential Long-Term Benefits for Soil Health and Ecosystem 54Addressing Concerns Related to Nanoparticle Toxicity and Accumulation 55Need for Standardized Testing Protocols and Safety Assessments 56Exploration of Innovative Nanobiofertilizer Formulations and Delivery Methods 57Strategies for Incorporating Nanobiofertilizers into Existing Farming Systems 57Synergistic Effects of Combining Nanobiofertilizers with Other Sustainable Practices 58Practical Considerations for Large-Scale Implementation 58Potential to Revolutionize Agriculture and Contribute to Food Security 59Call to Action for Continued Research, Development, and Adoption of Nanobiofertilizers 60Conclusion 60References 613 Effect of Bionanofertilizer on Proximate Composition of Crops 71Oluwadurotimi Samuel Aworunse, Fadekemi Akinhanmi, Ogochukwu Onwaeze, Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and John Tsado Mathew3.1 Introduction 723.2 Biological Synthesis of Nanofertilizers 733.3 Composition of Bionanofertilizers 793.4 Properties of Bionanofertilizers 823.5 Effect of Bionanofertilizers of Proximate Parameters of Crops 843.6 Conclusion and Future Direction 87References 884 The Role of Policy Maker, Relevant Stakeholders and Government Agency in Translating Nanobiofertilizer Research into Policy 99Alhasssan Muhammed Alhassan, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and John Tsado Mathew4.1 Introduction 1004.2 Views of the Dangers of Nanotechnology and Confidence in Stakeholders 1014.3 Policy Making Process 1024.4 Benefits of Agencies in the Nanoproduction of Fertilizer 1024.5 Relevant Stakeholders in the Implementation of Policy 1024.6 Report of Nanobiofertilizers Worldwide 1034.7 Government Agencies and Their Impact 1034.8 Translating Research into Policy 1044.9 Global Safety and Legal Framework for Agricultural Goods Based on Nanotechnology 1074.10 Future Initiatives and Studies to Support the Development of Nanobiofertilizers 108Conclusion 111References 1125 Structural Elucidation, Detection, and Characterization of Essential Nutrients Necessary for Soil Fertilization 117John Tsado Mathew, Abel Inobeme, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Yakubu Azeh, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Musah Monday, Musa Safiyanu Tanko, Ezekiel Tanko, Amos Mamman, Jibrin Noah Akoji and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole5.1 Introduction 1185.2 Nitrogen (N) in Soil Fertilization 1235.3 Phosphorus (P) in Soil Fertilization 1275.4 Potassium (K) in Soil Fertilization 1315.5 Optimization of Nutrient Management Strategies 135Conclusion 139References 1406 Effect of Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals 149John Tsado Mathew, Abel Inobeme, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Yakubu Azeh, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Musah Monday, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Badeggi Muhammad Umar, Amos Mamman, Jemkur Maurice and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole6.1 General Overview on Nanobiofertilizer 1506.2 Constituents of Nanobiofertilizer 1516.3 Importance of Phytochemicals in Plant Growth and Human Health 1586.4 Mechanisms of Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals 1606.5 Recent Studies on Effect of Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals 1636.6 Conclusion and Future Trends on Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals 167References 1687 Characterization of Nanoparticles Used as Nanobiofertilizers 175John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Yakubu Azeh, Musah Monday, Etsuyankpa Muhammad Bini, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Muhammad Aishetu Ibrahim, Musa Safiyanu Tanko, Amos Mamman and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole7.1 Introduction 1767.2 Some Spectroscopic Characterization Technique for Nanomaterials 1807.3 Characterization of Nanobiofertilizer Through Chemical and Biological Synthesis 1877.4 Application of Nanobiofertilizer 1897.5 Environmental Impact Assessment 1917.6 Future Perspectives and Challenges 1927.7 Conclusion 194References 1948 Toxicological Effects of Nanobiofertilizer on Water Body, Water Quality, Lower Plants, Zooplanktons, and Beneficial Microorganisms 201Ezugwu Basil Utazi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, John Tsado Mathew, Victory Igiku, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima8.1 Introduction 2028.2 Effects of Nanofertilizer on Soil Microbial Community 2038.3 Nanofertilizers Versus Biofertilizers: Dissimilarity in Synthesis 2058.4 Nanobiofertilizer 2068.5 Conclusion 217References 2199 Various Techniques Used in the Application of Nanobiofertilizers on Crops After Synthesis 233Victory Igiku, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Fadekemi O. Akinhanmi, Simon Sunday Ameh, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima9.1 Introduction 2349.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 2359.3 Synthesis of Nanobiofertilizers 2399.4 Methods Used in the Application of Nanobiofertilizers on Crops 2409.5 Conclusion 244References 24410 Non-Target Effect, Environmental Impact, and Assessment of Nanobiofertilizer 253Fadekemi O. Akinhanmi, Oluwadurotimi S. Aworunse, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, John Tsado Mathew, Victory Igiku, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima10.1 Introduction 25410.2 Environmental Impact of Nanobiofertilizer on Soil Properties 25610.3 Non-Targeted Effects on Soil Properties 25710.4 Recommendation and Conclusion 264References 26611 Reported Genes Regulating the Biological Activities in Microorganisms Used in the Formation of Nanobiofertilizers 271Victory Igiku, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima11.1 Introduction 27211.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 27311.3 Genes Regulating the Biological Activities in Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria 27711.4 Conclusion 283References 28412 Relevance of Molecular Genetics and Synthetic Biology Involved in the Characterization of Microorganisms Used in Nanofertilizer Research 291Simon Sunday Ameh, Daniel Gana, Mordecai Gana, Japheth Gaius Yakubu, Amarachi Rosemary Osi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, John Tsado Mathew, Victory Igiku, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima12.1 Introduction 29212.2 Molecular Genetics and Synthetic Biology 29312.3 Nanotechnology 29912.4 Constituents of Nanobiofertilizer 30012.5 Formulation of Nanobiofertilizer 30412.6 Microorganisms Employed in Nanobiofertilizer 30412.7 Genetic Techniques Used to Study Microorganisms in Nanobiofertilizers 30512.8 Conclusion 30612.9 Recommendation 307References 30813 Techniques Used for Screening and Detection of Beneficial Microorganisms Used for Production of Nanobiofertilizers 315Idris Abdullahi Dabban, Aisha Bisola Bello, Adioha Amarachi, Adejoh Suleiman Ocholi., Dewu Mansur Muhammad, Oko Joseph Odey, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola Kehinde Imisiagbaraolorun Temitope and Mohammed Bello Yerima13.1 Introduction 31613.2 Beneficial Microorganisms Used for Production of Nanobiofertilizers: Sources and Characteristic Traits 32013.3 Techniques Used for Screening and Detection of Nanobiofertilizer-Producing Microbes 32713.4 Molecular Techniques Used for Detection of Beneficial Microbes for Nanobiofertilizer Production 333Future Perspectives 337References 33814 Toxicology and Adverse Effects of Chemical Fertilizer and Nanobiofertilizer Pollution of the Environment; Bioaccumulation, Greenhouse Effects, and Global Warming 347Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Sani Rabiu Aishat, Iseghohi Frances, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Opeyemi Isaac Ayanda, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima14.1 Introduction 34814.2 Chemical Fertilizers 35014.3 Environmental Pollution Caused by Use of Chemical and Nanofertilizers 35714.4 Toxicological Effects of Fertilizers 35914.5 Conclusion 37014.6 Future Perspective 371References 37115 Effect of Climate Changes, Weather and Other Environmental Factors Whenever Nanobiofertilizer is Applied for Crop Improvement 377Temitope Ayinde Oluwaseyi, Abah Daniel Okochegbe, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Enitan Emmanuella Lawal, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima15.1 Introduction 37815.2 Nanobiofertilizers 38015.3 Nanobiofertilizer: Pertinence to Trim Improvement 38115.4 Nanobiofertilizer: Job in Crop Improvement 38115.5 Nanobiofertilizer: Capability in Yield Well-Being 38215.6 Progress Made with Nanobiofertilizers 38215.7 Crop Improvement Outcomes Using Nanobiofertilizers 38315.8 Environmental Factors and the Interaction of Nanobiofertilizers 38315.9 Climate 38615.10 Synergies and Challenges: Nanobiofertilizers in a Changing Climate 38715.11 Weather Patterns and Nano Biofertilizer Performance 38715.12 Strategies to Overcome Impact of Climate Changes 38915.13 Conclusion 390References 39116 Effect of Nanobiofertilizer on Essential Amino Acid Constituents 395Margaret Ikhiwili Oniha, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Aisha Bisola Bello, Mordecai Gana, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Kehinde Imisiagbaraolorun Temitope Eniola and Mohammed Bello Yerima16.1 Introduction 39616.2 Biofertilizers 39716.3 Amino Acids 39916.4 Nanofertilizers: Effect of Nanobiofertilizers on Amino Acids in Plant Growth 401Conclusion 406References 40717 Relevance of Nanotechnology in Agriculture 413Bello Oluwakemi Adetutu, Adamu Binta Buba, Fadekemi Akinhanmi, Mordecai Gana, Ezugwu Basil Utazi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima17.1 Introduction 41417.2 Nanotechnology’s Significance Across Industries 41717.3 Nanotechnology in Agriculture 42117.4 Nanotechnology in Crop Production 42217.5 Nano-Based Crop Protection 43517.6 Precision Farming and Sensors 44017.7 Enhanced Nutrient Management: Utilizing Nanotechnology for Controlled Nutrient Release and Minimized Runoff 44317.8 Challenges and Ethical Considerations in the Use of Nanomaterials in Agriculture 44517.9 Future Directions and Research Opportunities in Nanotechnology for Agriculture 44717.10 Conclusion 449References 45018 Recent Advancement Toward the Application of Proteomics, Metabolomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics for the Improvement of Nanofertilizer Research 463Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Clement Shina Olusanya, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Oluwadurotimi Samuel Aworunse, Ezugwu, Basil Utazi, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima18.1 Nanobiofertilizer 46418.2 Constituents of Nanobiofertilizer 46618.3 Nanobiofertilizer Preparation 47618.4 Nanobiofertilizer and Soil Fertility 47718.5 Response of Plant to Nanobiofertilizer 47718.6 Setback and Impact of Nanofertilizer in the Framework of Sustainable Agriculture 47818.7 Biotechnology Tools Used in Agriculture 48018.8 Present Status of Nanobiofertilizer Research and Application 48518.9 Application of Biotechnology Tools for Nanobiofertilizer Improvement 48618.10 Conclusion 487References 48719 Isolation Techniques Used for Molecular Characterization of Beneficial Microorganisms: Cultural, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization 491Idris Abdullahi Dabban, Muazu Ahmad, Sherifat Ozavize Enejiyon, Ahmad Nana Hauwau, Mustapha Gani, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji19.1 Introduction 49219.2 Techniques for Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria and Actinomycetes: Cultural, Biochemical, and Molecular (16srRNA) 49619.3 Techniques for Isolation and Characterization of Fungi 50919.4 Methods for Isolation and Characterization of Algae 52319.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 530References 53120 Nanoparticle: Characterization and Their Potential Role as Revolutionary Nanobiofertilizer in Agriculture 547Nisha Sogan, Smriti Kala and Alka Rani20.1 Introduction 54720.2 Silver Nanoparticle Characterization and Their Potential as Nanobiofertilizers 55220.3 Potential of Gold Nanoparticles as Nanobiofertilizer and Their Characterization 55420.4 Zn Oxide Nanoparticles as Nanobiofertilizer 55420.5 Actinomycete-Based Nanobiofertilizers 55520.6 Fungus-Based Nanobiofertilizers 55520.7 Conclusion 556References 557Index 561

Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the Edo University Iyamho, in Edo State, Nigeria. Currently, he is the Director of Intellectual Properties and Technology Transfer and Chairman of the Committee on Research Grants at EUI. He has won several scientific awards and grants from renowned academic bodies such as the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India. He has published more than 600 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals as well as more than 50 books, 340 book chapters, and many scientific patents. Chukwuebuka Egbuna, PhD, is a chartered chemist and academic researcher. He has been engaged in several roles at New Divine Favor Pharmaceutical Industry Limited, Nigeria as well as at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University in Nigeria His primary research interests include biochemistry, phytochemistry, pharmacology, etc. He has published research articles in many international journals and edited over 20 books. Anton Ficai, PhD, is a professor in the Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica, Bucharest, Romania. His research interests include tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, multifunctional materials, etc. He has published over 250 scientific papers, edited two books, received 10 patents, and has 18 patents in the application stage. Oluwatosin Ademola Ijabadeniyi, PhD, is the founder of Food Safety Africa and is a visiting professor at the Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Canada. He has worked in the food industry and academia since 2001 and has conducted research and lectured internationally about food quality and safety. His numerous scientific publications have earned several accolades, including research grants, awards, and fellowships such as the Association of Commonwealth Universities fellowship and the APHL-CDC fellowship.

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• Preface xxiii1 Application of Nanobiofertilization for Bioremediation and Ecorestoration of Polluted Soil/Farmland 1Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Margaret Oniha, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Opeyemi Isaac Ayanda, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and John Tsado Mathew1.1 Introduction 21.2 Nanoparticles 31.3 Nanobiofertilization in Bioremediation 101.4 Application of Nanobiofertilization in Bioremediation 151.5 Environmental Distress 211.6 Conclusion 22References 222 Influence of Nanobiofertilizer on Plant Yield and Growth 37Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Andrew Aladele Kolawole, Jerry Gbotemi Oni, Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Margaret Oniha and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji2.1 Introduction 38Nanobiofertilizer 39Composition of Nanobiofertilizer 40Mechanisms of Nutrient Delivery and Enhanced Bioavailability 42Seed Priming (Nanopriming) 42Soil-Based Application 43Nanobiofertilizer Plant System Interaction 43Impact of Nanobiofertilizer on Plant Biomass 44Factors Contributing to Enhanced Plant Growth 45Comparison of Biomass Enhancement with Traditional Fertilizers 47Nanobiofertilizer-Induced Biomass and Chlorophyll Content Enhancement 49Crop-Specific Responses to Nanobiofertilizers 49Case Studies Highlighting Positive Outcomes on Various Crops 50Environmental and Economic Considerations on the Use of Nanobiofertilizers 52Comparison of Nanobiofertilizers with Traditional Fertilizers in Terms of Cost and Effectiveness 53Potential Long-Term Benefits for Soil Health and Ecosystem 54Addressing Concerns Related to Nanoparticle Toxicity and Accumulation 55Need for Standardized Testing Protocols and Safety Assessments 56Exploration of Innovative Nanobiofertilizer Formulations and Delivery Methods 57Strategies for Incorporating Nanobiofertilizers into Existing Farming Systems 57Synergistic Effects of Combining Nanobiofertilizers with Other Sustainable Practices 58Practical Considerations for Large-Scale Implementation 58Potential to Revolutionize Agriculture and Contribute to Food Security 59Call to Action for Continued Research, Development, and Adoption of Nanobiofertilizers 60Conclusion 60References 613 Effect of Bionanofertilizer on Proximate Composition of Crops 71Oluwadurotimi Samuel Aworunse, Fadekemi Akinhanmi, Ogochukwu Onwaeze, Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and John Tsado Mathew3.1 Introduction 723.2 Biological Synthesis of Nanofertilizers 733.3 Composition of Bionanofertilizers 793.4 Properties of Bionanofertilizers 823.5 Effect of Bionanofertilizers of Proximate Parameters of Crops 843.6 Conclusion and Future Direction 87References 884 The Role of Policy Maker, Relevant Stakeholders and Government Agency in Translating Nanobiofertilizer Research into Policy 99Alhasssan Muhammed Alhassan, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and John Tsado Mathew4.1 Introduction 1004.2 Views of the Dangers of Nanotechnology and Confidence in Stakeholders 1014.3 Policy Making Process 1024.4 Benefits of Agencies in the Nanoproduction of Fertilizer 1024.5 Relevant Stakeholders in the Implementation of Policy 1024.6 Report of Nanobiofertilizers Worldwide 1034.7 Government Agencies and Their Impact 1034.8 Translating Research into Policy 1044.9 Global Safety and Legal Framework for Agricultural Goods Based on Nanotechnology 1074.10 Future Initiatives and Studies to Support the Development of Nanobiofertilizers 108Conclusion 111References 1125 Structural Elucidation, Detection, and Characterization of Essential Nutrients Necessary for Soil Fertilization 117John Tsado Mathew, Abel Inobeme, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Yakubu Azeh, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Musah Monday, Musa Safiyanu Tanko, Ezekiel Tanko, Amos Mamman, Jibrin Noah Akoji and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole5.1 Introduction 1185.2 Nitrogen (N) in Soil Fertilization 1235.3 Phosphorus (P) in Soil Fertilization 1275.4 Potassium (K) in Soil Fertilization 1315.5 Optimization of Nutrient Management Strategies 135Conclusion 139References 1406 Effect of Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals 149John Tsado Mathew, Abel Inobeme, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Yakubu Azeh, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Musah Monday, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Badeggi Muhammad Umar, Amos Mamman, Jemkur Maurice and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole6.1 General Overview on Nanobiofertilizer 1506.2 Constituents of Nanobiofertilizer 1516.3 Importance of Phytochemicals in Plant Growth and Human Health 1586.4 Mechanisms of Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals 1606.5 Recent Studies on Effect of Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals 1636.6 Conclusion and Future Trends on Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals 167References 1687 Characterization of Nanoparticles Used as Nanobiofertilizers 175John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Yakubu Azeh, Musah Monday, Etsuyankpa Muhammad Bini, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Muhammad Aishetu Ibrahim, Musa Safiyanu Tanko, Amos Mamman and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole7.1 Introduction 1767.2 Some Spectroscopic Characterization Technique for Nanomaterials 1807.3 Characterization of Nanobiofertilizer Through Chemical and Biological Synthesis 1877.4 Application of Nanobiofertilizer 1897.5 Environmental Impact Assessment 1917.6 Future Perspectives and Challenges 1927.7 Conclusion 194References 1948 Toxicological Effects of Nanobiofertilizer on Water Body, Water Quality, Lower Plants, Zooplanktons, and Beneficial Microorganisms 201Ezugwu Basil Utazi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, John Tsado Mathew, Victory Igiku, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima8.1 Introduction 2028.2 Effects of Nanofertilizer on Soil Microbial Community 2038.3 Nanofertilizers Versus Biofertilizers: Dissimilarity in Synthesis 2058.4 Nanobiofertilizer 2068.5 Conclusion 217References 2199 Various Techniques Used in the Application of Nanobiofertilizers on Crops After Synthesis 233Victory Igiku, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Fadekemi O. Akinhanmi, Simon Sunday Ameh, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima9.1 Introduction 2349.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 2359.3 Synthesis of Nanobiofertilizers 2399.4 Methods Used in the Application of Nanobiofertilizers on Crops 2409.5 Conclusion 244References 24410 Non-Target Effect, Environmental Impact, and Assessment of Nanobiofertilizer 253Fadekemi O. Akinhanmi, Oluwadurotimi S. Aworunse, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, John Tsado Mathew, Victory Igiku, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima10.1 Introduction 25410.2 Environmental Impact of Nanobiofertilizer on Soil Properties 25610.3 Non-Targeted Effects on Soil Properties 25710.4 Recommendation and Conclusion 264References 26611 Reported Genes Regulating the Biological Activities in Microorganisms Used in the Formation of Nanobiofertilizers 271Victory Igiku, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima11.1 Introduction 27211.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 27311.3 Genes Regulating the Biological Activities in Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria 27711.4 Conclusion 283References 28412 Relevance of Molecular Genetics and Synthetic Biology Involved in the Characterization of Microorganisms Used in Nanofertilizer Research 291Simon Sunday Ameh, Daniel Gana, Mordecai Gana, Japheth Gaius Yakubu, Amarachi Rosemary Osi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, John Tsado Mathew, Victory Igiku, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima12.1 Introduction 29212.2 Molecular Genetics and Synthetic Biology 29312.3 Nanotechnology 29912.4 Constituents of Nanobiofertilizer 30012.5 Formulation of Nanobiofertilizer 30412.6 Microorganisms Employed in Nanobiofertilizer 30412.7 Genetic Techniques Used to Study Microorganisms in Nanobiofertilizers 30512.8 Conclusion 30612.9 Recommendation 307References 30813 Techniques Used for Screening and Detection of Beneficial Microorganisms Used for Production of Nanobiofertilizers 315Idris Abdullahi Dabban, Aisha Bisola Bello, Adioha Amarachi, Adejoh Suleiman Ocholi., Dewu Mansur Muhammad, Oko Joseph Odey, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola Kehinde Imisiagbaraolorun Temitope and Mohammed Bello Yerima13.1 Introduction 31613.2 Beneficial Microorganisms Used for Production of Nanobiofertilizers: Sources and Characteristic Traits 32013.3 Techniques Used for Screening and Detection of Nanobiofertilizer-Producing Microbes 32713.4 Molecular Techniques Used for Detection of Beneficial Microbes for Nanobiofertilizer Production 333Future Perspectives 337References 33814 Toxicology and Adverse Effects of Chemical Fertilizer and Nanobiofertilizer Pollution of the Environment; Bioaccumulation, Greenhouse Effects, and Global Warming 347Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Sani Rabiu Aishat, Iseghohi Frances, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Opeyemi Isaac Ayanda, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima14.1 Introduction 34814.2 Chemical Fertilizers 35014.3 Environmental Pollution Caused by Use of Chemical and Nanofertilizers 35714.4 Toxicological Effects of Fertilizers 35914.5 Conclusion 37014.6 Future Perspective 371References 37115 Effect of Climate Changes, Weather and Other Environmental Factors Whenever Nanobiofertilizer is Applied for Crop Improvement 377Temitope Ayinde Oluwaseyi, Abah Daniel Okochegbe, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Enitan Emmanuella Lawal, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima15.1 Introduction 37815.2 Nanobiofertilizers 38015.3 Nanobiofertilizer: Pertinence to Trim Improvement 38115.4 Nanobiofertilizer: Job in Crop Improvement 38115.5 Nanobiofertilizer: Capability in Yield Well-Being 38215.6 Progress Made with Nanobiofertilizers 38215.7 Crop Improvement Outcomes Using Nanobiofertilizers 38315.8 Environmental Factors and the Interaction of Nanobiofertilizers 38315.9 Climate 38615.10 Synergies and Challenges: Nanobiofertilizers in a Changing Climate 38715.11 Weather Patterns and Nano Biofertilizer Performance 38715.12 Strategies to Overcome Impact of Climate Changes 38915.13 Conclusion 390References 39116 Effect of Nanobiofertilizer on Essential Amino Acid Constituents 395Margaret Ikhiwili Oniha, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Aisha Bisola Bello, Mordecai Gana, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Kehinde Imisiagbaraolorun Temitope Eniola and Mohammed Bello Yerima16.1 Introduction 39616.2 Biofertilizers 39716.3 Amino Acids 39916.4 Nanofertilizers: Effect of Nanobiofertilizers on Amino Acids in Plant Growth 401Conclusion 406References 40717 Relevance of Nanotechnology in Agriculture 413Bello Oluwakemi Adetutu, Adamu Binta Buba, Fadekemi Akinhanmi, Mordecai Gana, Ezugwu Basil Utazi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima17.1 Introduction 41417.2 Nanotechnology’s Significance Across Industries 41717.3 Nanotechnology in Agriculture 42117.4 Nanotechnology in Crop Production 42217.5 Nano-Based Crop Protection 43517.6 Precision Farming and Sensors 44017.7 Enhanced Nutrient Management: Utilizing Nanotechnology for Controlled Nutrient Release and Minimized Runoff 44317.8 Challenges and Ethical Considerations in the Use of Nanomaterials in Agriculture 44517.9 Future Directions and Research Opportunities in Nanotechnology for Agriculture 44717.10 Conclusion 449References 45018 Recent Advancement Toward the Application of Proteomics, Metabolomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics for the Improvement of Nanofertilizer Research 463Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Clement Shina Olusanya, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Oluwadurotimi Samuel Aworunse, Ezugwu, Basil Utazi, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima18.1 Nanobiofertilizer 46418.2 Constituents of Nanobiofertilizer 46618.3 Nanobiofertilizer Preparation 47618.4 Nanobiofertilizer and Soil Fertility 47718.5 Response of Plant to Nanobiofertilizer 47718.6 Setback and Impact of Nanofertilizer in the Framework of Sustainable Agriculture 47818.7 Biotechnology Tools Used in Agriculture 48018.8 Present Status of Nanobiofertilizer Research and Application 48518.9 Application of Biotechnology Tools for Nanobiofertilizer Improvement 48618.10 Conclusion 487References 48719 Isolation Techniques Used for Molecular Characterization of Beneficial Microorganisms: Cultural, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization 491Idris Abdullahi Dabban, Muazu Ahmad, Sherifat Ozavize Enejiyon, Ahmad Nana Hauwau, Mustapha Gani, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji19.1 Introduction 49219.2 Techniques for Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria and Actinomycetes: Cultural, Biochemical, and Molecular (16srRNA) 49619.3 Techniques for Isolation and Characterization of Fungi 50919.4 Methods for Isolation and Characterization of Algae 52319.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 530References 53120 Nanoparticle: Characterization and Their Potential Role as Revolutionary Nanobiofertilizer in Agriculture 547Nisha Sogan, Smriti Kala and Alka Rani20.1 Introduction 54720.2 Silver Nanoparticle Characterization and Their Potential as Nanobiofertilizers 55220.3 Potential of Gold Nanoparticles as Nanobiofertilizer and Their Characterization 55420.4 Zn Oxide Nanoparticles as Nanobiofertilizer 55420.5 Actinomycete-Based Nanobiofertilizers 55520.6 Fungus-Based Nanobiofertilizers 55520.7 Conclusion 556References 557Index 561

Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology at the Edo University Iyamho, in Edo State, Nigeria. Currently, he is the Director of Intellectual Properties and Technology Transfer and Chairman of the Committee on Research Grants at EUI. He has won several scientific awards and grants from renowned academic bodies such as the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India. He has published more than 600 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals as well as more than 50 books, 340 book chapters, and many scientific patents. Chukwuebuka Egbuna, PhD, is a chartered chemist and academic researcher. He has been engaged in several roles at New Divine Favor Pharmaceutical Industry Limited, Nigeria as well as at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University in Nigeria His primary research interests include biochemistry, phytochemistry, pharmacology, etc. He has published research articles in many international journals and edited over 20 books. Anton Ficai, PhD, is a professor in the Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica, Bucharest, Romania. His research interests include tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, multifunctional materials, etc. He has published over 250 scientific papers, edited two books, received 10 patents, and has 18 patents in the application stage. Oluwatosin Ademola Ijabadeniyi, PhD, is the founder of Food Safety Africa and is a visiting professor at the Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Canada. He has worked in the food industry and academia since 2001 and has conducted research and lectured internationally about food quality and safety. His numerous scientific publications have earned several accolades, including research grants, awards, and fellowships such as the Association of Commonwealth Universities fellowship and the APHL-CDC fellowship.

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• Preface xxiii1 Application of Nanobiofertilization for Bioremediation and Ecorestoration of Polluted Soil/Farmland 1Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Margaret Oniha, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Opeyemi Isaac Ayanda, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and John Tsado Mathew1.1 Introduction 21.2 Nanoparticles 31.3 Nanobiofertilization in Bioremediation 101.4 Application of Nanobiofertilization in Bioremediation 151.5 Environmental Distress 211.6 Conclusion 22References 222 Influence of Nanobiofertilizer on Plant Yield and Growth 37Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Andrew Aladele Kolawole, Jerry Gbotemi Oni, Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Margaret Oniha and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji2.1 Introduction 38Nanobiofertilizer 39Composition of Nanobiofertilizer 40Mechanisms of Nutrient Delivery and Enhanced Bioavailability 42Seed Priming (Nanopriming) 42Soil-Based Application 43Nanobiofertilizer Plant System Interaction 43Impact of Nanobiofertilizer on Plant Biomass 44Factors Contributing to Enhanced Plant Growth 45Comparison of Biomass Enhancement with Traditional Fertilizers 47Nanobiofertilizer-Induced Biomass and Chlorophyll Content Enhancement 49Crop-Specific Responses to Nanobiofertilizers 49Case Studies Highlighting Positive Outcomes on Various Crops 50Environmental and Economic Considerations on the Use of Nanobiofertilizers 52Comparison of Nanobiofertilizers with Traditional Fertilizers in Terms of Cost and Effectiveness 53Potential Long-Term Benefits for Soil Health and Ecosystem 54Addressing Concerns Related to Nanoparticle Toxicity and Accumulation 55Need for Standardized Testing Protocols and Safety Assessments 56Exploration of Innovative Nanobiofertilizer Formulations and Delivery Methods 57Strategies for Incorporating Nanobiofertilizers into Existing Farming Systems 57Synergistic Effects of Combining Nanobiofertilizers with Other Sustainable Practices 58Practical Considerations for Large-Scale Implementation 58Potential to Revolutionize Agriculture and Contribute to Food Security 59Call to Action for Continued Research, Development, and Adoption of Nanobiofertilizers 60Conclusion 60References 613 Effect of Bionanofertilizer on Proximate Composition of Crops 71Oluwadurotimi Samuel Aworunse, Fadekemi Akinhanmi, Ogochukwu Onwaeze, Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and John Tsado Mathew3.1 Introduction 723.2 Biological Synthesis of Nanofertilizers 733.3 Composition of Bionanofertilizers 793.4 Properties of Bionanofertilizers 823.5 Effect of Bionanofertilizers of Proximate Parameters of Crops 843.6 Conclusion and Future Direction 87References 884 The Role of Policy Maker, Relevant Stakeholders and Government Agency in Translating Nanobiofertilizer Research into Policy 99Alhasssan Muhammed Alhassan, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and John Tsado Mathew4.1 Introduction 1004.2 Views of the Dangers of Nanotechnology and Confidence in Stakeholders 1014.3 Policy Making Process 1024.4 Benefits of Agencies in the Nanoproduction of Fertilizer 1024.5 Relevant Stakeholders in the Implementation of Policy 1024.6 Report of Nanobiofertilizers Worldwide 1034.7 Government Agencies and Their Impact 1034.8 Translating Research into Policy 1044.9 Global Safety and Legal Framework for Agricultural Goods Based on Nanotechnology 1074.10 Future Initiatives and Studies to Support the Development of Nanobiofertilizers 108Conclusion 111References 1125 Structural Elucidation, Detection, and Characterization of Essential Nutrients Necessary for Soil Fertilization 117John Tsado Mathew, Abel Inobeme, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Yakubu Azeh, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Musah Monday, Musa Safiyanu Tanko, Ezekiel Tanko, Amos Mamman, Jibrin Noah Akoji and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole5.1 Introduction 1185.2 Nitrogen (N) in Soil Fertilization 1235.3 Phosphorus (P) in Soil Fertilization 1275.4 Potassium (K) in Soil Fertilization 1315.5 Optimization of Nutrient Management Strategies 135Conclusion 139References 1406 Effect of Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals 149John Tsado Mathew, Abel Inobeme, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Yakubu Azeh, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Musah Monday, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Badeggi Muhammad Umar, Amos Mamman, Jemkur Maurice and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole6.1 General Overview on Nanobiofertilizer 1506.2 Constituents of Nanobiofertilizer 1516.3 Importance of Phytochemicals in Plant Growth and Human Health 1586.4 Mechanisms of Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals 1606.5 Recent Studies on Effect of Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals 1636.6 Conclusion and Future Trends on Nanobiofertilizer on Phytochemicals 167References 1687 Characterization of Nanoparticles Used as Nanobiofertilizers 175John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Yakubu Azeh, Musah Monday, Etsuyankpa Muhammad Bini, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Muhammad Aishetu Ibrahim, Musa Safiyanu Tanko, Amos Mamman and Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole7.1 Introduction 1767.2 Some Spectroscopic Characterization Technique for Nanomaterials 1807.3 Characterization of Nanobiofertilizer Through Chemical and Biological Synthesis 1877.4 Application of Nanobiofertilizer 1897.5 Environmental Impact Assessment 1917.6 Future Perspectives and Challenges 1927.7 Conclusion 194References 1948 Toxicological Effects of Nanobiofertilizer on Water Body, Water Quality, Lower Plants, Zooplanktons, and Beneficial Microorganisms 201Ezugwu Basil Utazi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Isibor Patrick Omoregie, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, John Tsado Mathew, Victory Igiku, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima8.1 Introduction 2028.2 Effects of Nanofertilizer on Soil Microbial Community 2038.3 Nanofertilizers Versus Biofertilizers: Dissimilarity in Synthesis 2058.4 Nanobiofertilizer 2068.5 Conclusion 217References 2199 Various Techniques Used in the Application of Nanobiofertilizers on Crops After Synthesis 233Victory Igiku, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Fadekemi O. Akinhanmi, Simon Sunday Ameh, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima9.1 Introduction 2349.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 2359.3 Synthesis of Nanobiofertilizers 2399.4 Methods Used in the Application of Nanobiofertilizers on Crops 2409.5 Conclusion 244References 24410 Non-Target Effect, Environmental Impact, and Assessment of Nanobiofertilizer 253Fadekemi O. Akinhanmi, Oluwadurotimi S. Aworunse, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, John Tsado Mathew, Victory Igiku, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima10.1 Introduction 25410.2 Environmental Impact of Nanobiofertilizer on Soil Properties 25610.3 Non-Targeted Effects on Soil Properties 25710.4 Recommendation and Conclusion 264References 26611 Reported Genes Regulating the Biological Activities in Microorganisms Used in the Formation of Nanobiofertilizers 271Victory Igiku, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima11.1 Introduction 27211.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 27311.3 Genes Regulating the Biological Activities in Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria 27711.4 Conclusion 283References 28412 Relevance of Molecular Genetics and Synthetic Biology Involved in the Characterization of Microorganisms Used in Nanofertilizer Research 291Simon Sunday Ameh, Daniel Gana, Mordecai Gana, Japheth Gaius Yakubu, Amarachi Rosemary Osi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, John Tsado Mathew, Victory Igiku, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima12.1 Introduction 29212.2 Molecular Genetics and Synthetic Biology 29312.3 Nanotechnology 29912.4 Constituents of Nanobiofertilizer 30012.5 Formulation of Nanobiofertilizer 30412.6 Microorganisms Employed in Nanobiofertilizer 30412.7 Genetic Techniques Used to Study Microorganisms in Nanobiofertilizers 30512.8 Conclusion 30612.9 Recommendation 307References 30813 Techniques Used for Screening and Detection of Beneficial Microorganisms Used for Production of Nanobiofertilizers 315Idris Abdullahi Dabban, Aisha Bisola Bello, Adioha Amarachi, Adejoh Suleiman Ocholi., Dewu Mansur Muhammad, Oko Joseph Odey, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola Kehinde Imisiagbaraolorun Temitope and Mohammed Bello Yerima13.1 Introduction 31613.2 Beneficial Microorganisms Used for Production of Nanobiofertilizers: Sources and Characteristic Traits 32013.3 Techniques Used for Screening and Detection of Nanobiofertilizer-Producing Microbes 32713.4 Molecular Techniques Used for Detection of Beneficial Microbes for Nanobiofertilizer Production 333Future Perspectives 337References 33814 Toxicology and Adverse Effects of Chemical Fertilizer and Nanobiofertilizer Pollution of the Environment; Bioaccumulation, Greenhouse Effects, and Global Warming 347Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Sani Rabiu Aishat, Iseghohi Frances, Tsado Priscilla Yetu, Opeyemi Isaac Ayanda, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima14.1 Introduction 34814.2 Chemical Fertilizers 35014.3 Environmental Pollution Caused by Use of Chemical and Nanofertilizers 35714.4 Toxicological Effects of Fertilizers 35914.5 Conclusion 37014.6 Future Perspective 371References 37115 Effect of Climate Changes, Weather and Other Environmental Factors Whenever Nanobiofertilizer is Applied for Crop Improvement 377Temitope Ayinde Oluwaseyi, Abah Daniel Okochegbe, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Enitan Emmanuella Lawal, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima15.1 Introduction 37815.2 Nanobiofertilizers 38015.3 Nanobiofertilizer: Pertinence to Trim Improvement 38115.4 Nanobiofertilizer: Job in Crop Improvement 38115.5 Nanobiofertilizer: Capability in Yield Well-Being 38215.6 Progress Made with Nanobiofertilizers 38215.7 Crop Improvement Outcomes Using Nanobiofertilizers 38315.8 Environmental Factors and the Interaction of Nanobiofertilizers 38315.9 Climate 38615.10 Synergies and Challenges: Nanobiofertilizers in a Changing Climate 38715.11 Weather Patterns and Nano Biofertilizer Performance 38715.12 Strategies to Overcome Impact of Climate Changes 38915.13 Conclusion 390References 39116 Effect of Nanobiofertilizer on Essential Amino Acid Constituents 395Margaret Ikhiwili Oniha, Konjerimam Ishaku Chimbekujwo, Aisha Bisola Bello, Mordecai Gana, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Kehinde Imisiagbaraolorun Temitope Eniola and Mohammed Bello Yerima16.1 Introduction 39616.2 Biofertilizers 39716.3 Amino Acids 39916.4 Nanofertilizers: Effect of Nanobiofertilizers on Amino Acids in Plant Growth 401Conclusion 406References 40717 Relevance of Nanotechnology in Agriculture 413Bello Oluwakemi Adetutu, Adamu Binta Buba, Fadekemi Akinhanmi, Mordecai Gana, Ezugwu Basil Utazi, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima17.1 Introduction 41417.2 Nanotechnology’s Significance Across Industries 41717.3 Nanotechnology in Agriculture 42117.4 Nanotechnology in Crop Production 42217.5 Nano-Based Crop Protection 43517.6 Precision Farming and Sensors 44017.7 Enhanced Nutrient Management: Utilizing Nanotechnology for Controlled Nutrient Release and Minimized Runoff 44317.8 Challenges and Ethical Considerations in the Use of Nanomaterials in Agriculture 44517.9 Future Directions and Research Opportunities in Nanotechnology for Agriculture 44717.10 Conclusion 449References 45018 Recent Advancement Toward the Application of Proteomics, Metabolomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics for the Improvement of Nanofertilizer Research 463Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole, Clement Shina Olusanya, Japhet Gaius Yakubu, Oluwadurotimi Samuel Aworunse, Ezugwu, Basil Utazi, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Eniola K. I. T. and Mohammed Bello Yerima18.1 Nanobiofertilizer 46418.2 Constituents of Nanobiofertilizer 46618.3 Nanobiofertilizer Preparation 47618.4 Nanobiofertilizer and Soil Fertility 47718.5 Response of Plant to Nanobiofertilizer 47718.6 Setback and Impact of Nanofertilizer in the Framework of Sustainable Agriculture 47818.7 Biotechnology Tools Used in Agriculture 48018.8 Present Status of Nanobiofertilizer Research and Application 48518.9 Application of Biotechnology Tools for Nanobiofertilizer Improvement 48618.10 Conclusion 487References 48719 Isolation Techniques Used for Molecular Characterization of Beneficial Microorganisms: Cultural, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization 491Idris Abdullahi Dabban, Muazu Ahmad, Sherifat Ozavize Enejiyon, Ahmad Nana Hauwau, Mustapha Gani, Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji19.1 Introduction 49219.2 Techniques for Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria and Actinomycetes: Cultural, Biochemical, and Molecular (16srRNA) 49619.3 Techniques for Isolation and Characterization of Fungi 50919.4 Methods for Isolation and Characterization of Algae 52319.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 530References 53120 Nanoparticle: Characterization and Their Potential Role as Revolutionary Nanobiofertilizer in Agriculture 547Nisha Sogan, Smriti Kala and Alka Rani20.1 Introduction 54720.2 Silver Nanoparticle Characterization and Their Potential as Nanobiofertilizers 55220.3 Potential of Gold Nanoparticles as Nanobiofertilizer and Their Characterization 55420.4 Zn Oxide Nanoparticles as Nanobiofertilizer 55420.5 Actinomycete-Based Nanobiofertilizers 55520.6 Fungus-Based Nanobiofertilizers 55520.7 Conclusion 556References 557Index 561