MANU KAPUR developed the theory of Productive Failure and applies it in classrooms and workplaces around the world to transform learning and growth. He is a Professor of Learning Sciences and Higher Education at ETH Zurich, Switzerland, and has spent the past two decades understanding the science of how people learn. His research has attracted substantial funding and media interest around the world, making him a sought-after keynote speaker, including two TEDx Talks. Manu has held prestigious visiting professorships and advisory roles globally, and his contributions extend across not only high-profile journals and conferences, but also impact educational policies and practices internationally. For more: www.manukapur.com.

• Foreword xiiiIntroduction: My Forays into Failure 1Soccer Dreams 2Struggling Through My Engineering Studies 3Into the Classroom 5Venturing into Academia 6Finding the Cause and Its Solution 8Connecting the Dots 10Part I The Problem and Its Solution 13Chapter 1 The Problems of Learning 17Failing to Remember 19Failing to Understand 22Failing to Transfer 27Chapter 2 The Solution: Productive Failure 35Direct Instruction vs. Discovery Learning 37Searching for a Problem 38Designing for Failure 41The Ideas of a Novice 43Turning Direct Instruction on Its Head 47Setting Up the Experiment 48The Battle: Productive Failure vs. Direct Instruction 52Part II The Science of Failure 59Chapter 3 Activation 63The Activation Spectrum 66Failure-based Activation 69Why Does Failed Generation Work? 77Chapter 4 Awareness 91From Socratic Dialogue to Tutoring 93Intentionally Designing Impasses 94When Intuition Failure Builds Awareness 97Humbled By a Six Year Old 101The Warmth Above the Clouds 104In Awe of Awe 106Chapter 5 Affect 109The Zeigarnik Effect 110The Need for Closure 113Situational Interest and Curiosity 117Mastery Orientation 127Emotional Rollercoaster 131Chapter 6 Assembly 139Identify the Lego Blocks 141Assemble the Lego Blocks 145The Danger of Learning the Wrong Things Is. 159Part III Designing for Productive Failure 165Chapter 7 Designing for Others 167Designing the Task 169Designing the Participation 174Designing the Social Surround 178Iterate and Calibrate 181Chapter 8 Designing for Self 185Entering the Zone 185Harnessing the Productive Failure Design Principles 187Conclusion 205References 211Acknowledgments 221About the Author 223Index 225

MANU KAPUR developed the theory of Productive Failure and applies it in classrooms and workplaces around the world to transform learning and growth. He is a Professor of Learning Sciences and Higher Education at ETH Zurich, Switzerland, and has spent the past two decades understanding the science of how people learn. His research has attracted substantial funding and media interest around the world, making him a sought-after keynote speaker, including two TEDx Talks. Manu has held prestigious visiting professorships and advisory roles globally, and his contributions extend across not only high-profile journals and conferences, but also impact educational policies and practices internationally. For more: www.manukapur.com.

• Foreword xiiiIntroduction: My Forays into Failure 1Soccer Dreams 2Struggling Through My Engineering Studies 3Into the Classroom 5Venturing into Academia 6Finding the Cause and Its Solution 8Connecting the Dots 10Part I The Problem and Its Solution 13Chapter 1 The Problems of Learning 17Failing to Remember 19Failing to Understand 22Failing to Transfer 27Chapter 2 The Solution: Productive Failure 35Direct Instruction vs. Discovery Learning 37Searching for a Problem 38Designing for Failure 41The Ideas of a Novice 43Turning Direct Instruction on Its Head 47Setting Up the Experiment 48The Battle: Productive Failure vs. Direct Instruction 52Part II The Science of Failure 59Chapter 3 Activation 63The Activation Spectrum 66Failure-based Activation 69Why Does Failed Generation Work? 77Chapter 4 Awareness 91From Socratic Dialogue to Tutoring 93Intentionally Designing Impasses 94When Intuition Failure Builds Awareness 97Humbled By a Six Year Old 101The Warmth Above the Clouds 104In Awe of Awe 106Chapter 5 Affect 109The Zeigarnik Effect 110The Need for Closure 113Situational Interest and Curiosity 117Mastery Orientation 127Emotional Rollercoaster 131Chapter 6 Assembly 139Identify the Lego Blocks 141Assemble the Lego Blocks 145The Danger of Learning the Wrong Things Is. 159Part III Designing for Productive Failure 165Chapter 7 Designing for Others 167Designing the Task 169Designing the Participation 174Designing the Social Surround 178Iterate and Calibrate 181Chapter 8 Designing for Self 185Entering the Zone 185Harnessing the Productive Failure Design Principles 187Conclusion 205References 211Acknowledgments 221About the Author 223Index 225

MANU KAPUR developed the theory of Productive Failure and applies it in classrooms and workplaces around the world to transform learning and growth. He is a Professor of Learning Sciences and Higher Education at ETH Zurich, Switzerland, and has spent the past two decades understanding the science of how people learn. His research has attracted substantial funding and media interest around the world, making him a sought-after keynote speaker, including two TEDx Talks. Manu has held prestigious visiting professorships and advisory roles globally, and his contributions extend across not only high-profile journals and conferences, but also impact educational policies and practices internationally. For more: www.manukapur.com.

• Foreword xiiiIntroduction: My Forays into Failure 1Soccer Dreams 2Struggling Through My Engineering Studies 3Into the Classroom 5Venturing into Academia 6Finding the Cause and Its Solution 8Connecting the Dots 10Part I The Problem and Its Solution 13Chapter 1 The Problems of Learning 17Failing to Remember 19Failing to Understand 22Failing to Transfer 27Chapter 2 The Solution: Productive Failure 35Direct Instruction vs. Discovery Learning 37Searching for a Problem 38Designing for Failure 41The Ideas of a Novice 43Turning Direct Instruction on Its Head 47Setting Up the Experiment 48The Battle: Productive Failure vs. Direct Instruction 52Part II The Science of Failure 59Chapter 3 Activation 63The Activation Spectrum 66Failure-based Activation 69Why Does Failed Generation Work? 77Chapter 4 Awareness 91From Socratic Dialogue to Tutoring 93Intentionally Designing Impasses 94When Intuition Failure Builds Awareness 97Humbled By a Six Year Old 101The Warmth Above the Clouds 104In Awe of Awe 106Chapter 5 Affect 109The Zeigarnik Effect 110The Need for Closure 113Situational Interest and Curiosity 117Mastery Orientation 127Emotional Rollercoaster 131Chapter 6 Assembly 139Identify the Lego Blocks 141Assemble the Lego Blocks 145The Danger of Learning the Wrong Things Is. 159Part III Designing for Productive Failure 165Chapter 7 Designing for Others 167Designing the Task 169Designing the Participation 174Designing the Social Surround 178Iterate and Calibrate 181Chapter 8 Designing for Self 185Entering the Zone 185Harnessing the Productive Failure Design Principles 187Conclusion 205References 211Acknowledgments 221About the Author 223Index 225