Contemporary Debates in the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

SVEN NYHOLM is Professor of the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence at LMU Munich and one of the Principal Investigators at the Munich Center for Machine Learning. He is the author of Humans and Robots: Ethics, Agency and Anthropomorphism and This is Technology Ethics: An Introduction, and serves as an Area Editor for Science and Engineering Ethics. ATOOSA KASIRZADEH is a philosopher, AI researcher, and Assistant Professor at Carnegie Mellon University with joint appointments in Philosophy and Software & Societal Systems. She is a Schmidt Sciences AI2050 Early Career Fellow, a Steering Committee Member for ACM FAccT, and a widely cited advisor on AI governance and responsible innovation. JOHN ZERILLI is a philosopher and legal scholar specializing in AI, cognitive science, and digital law. He is Senior Lecturer at King’s College London and a Research Associate at the Oxford Institute for Ethics in AI. His books include The Adaptable Mind and A Citizen’s Guide to Artificial Intelligence.

"An up-to-date and accessible survey of contemporary scholarship that should inspire classroom debate and future research... this book should prove to be an excellent resource for both students and established scholars."— Brendan Shea, Philosophy in Review

• Notes on the Contributors ixAcknowledgments xiiiIntroduction xvSection One Conceptual and Methodological Preliminaries 1Part 1 The Ethics of Defining Artificial Intelligence 31 What Is Artificial Intelligence and Should We Define It in Terms of Agency? 5Sven Nyholm2 Artificial Intelligence as a New Form of Agency 17Luciano FloridiPart 2 What Is Distinctive About the Ethics of AI? 353 What Can AI Ethics Learn from Medical Ethics, Bioethics, and Animal Ethics? 37Paula Boddington4 What Is Distinctive About AI Ethics When Compared to Bioethics? 51Thomas GroteSection Two Algorithmic Fairness and Explainability 61Part 1 Algorithmic Fairness 635 Can We Make Algorithms Fair? 65Margaret Mitchell6 What If Algorithmic Fairness Is a Category Error? 77Arvind NarayananPart 2 The Moral and Epistemological Significance of Explainability 977 Are Explanations of AI Decisions Morally Necessary? 99Emily Sullivan8 Doing Without Explainable AI 111David DanksSection Three Data and Privacy 121Part 1 What Is Privacy in the Age of Artificial Intelligence and Why Is It Important? 1239 Nine Philosophical Questions About Privacy 125Leonhard MengesPart 2 Big Data and Group Rights 13710 The Group Right to Privacy in the Age of AI 139Anuj Puri11 Group Rights: A Skeptical View 153John ZerilliSection Four The Ethics of Handing over Tasks Previously Performed by Humans to AI 161Part 1 Responsibility, Authorship, and Human Creativity in the Age of AI 16312 Entangling Ourselves with AI: Affirmative Responsibility and the Cultivation of Responsible Agency 165Fabio Tollon and Shannon Vallor13 Generative AI, Language, and Authorship: Deconstructing the Debate and Moving It Forward 183Mark Coeckelbergh and David Gunkel14 From “Can AI Be Creative?” to “What Is the Value of Integrating AI into Creative Processes?” 199Caterina MoruzziPart 2 AI and the Future of Work 21315 What Will Work Be Like in the Future? 215Daniel Susskind16 AI and the Future of Work: An Egalitarian Vision 229Kate VredenburghSection Five Value Alignment, The Control Problem, and AI Risks 245Part 1 Can We Solve the Value Alignment Problem? 24717 What Would It Look Like to Align Humans with Ants? 249Vincent ConitzerPart 2 Could Value Alignment Guarantee Control over AI? 26318 Could We Control Superintelligent AI? 265Roman V. Yampolskiy19 The Many Faces of AI Alignment 277Atoosa KasirzadehPart 3 AI Ethics vs. AI Safety: Friends or Foes? 29520 On the Troubled Relation Between AI Ethics and AI Safety 297Olle Häggström21 Short-Term or Long-Term AI Ethics? A Dilemma for Ethical Singularity Only 309Vincent C. MüllerSection Six Can AI Technologies Be Sentient, and Should We Ever Treat Them with Moral Consideration? 319Part 1 Can an AI Entity Be a Moral Patient? 32122 Should We Worry About the Moral Status of Nonsentient AIs? 323Parisa Moosavi23 On the Moral Status of AI Entities and Robots: A Critique of the Social-Relational Approach and a Defense of the Properties-Based Approach 337John-Stewart GordonSection Seven Environmental Impacts and the Geopolitics of AI 353Part 1 Where Should the Goal of Making AI Environmentally Sustainable Rank Among Attempts to Make Other Carbon-Intensive Activities Sustainable? 35524 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refuse: Green Data Refusal and Sustainable AI 357Cristina RichiePart 2 How Is AI Development Viewed by the Global Majority? 36925 The Making and Management of Computational Agency 371Ranjit SinghSection Eight Democracy and AI Governance 387Part 1 Are AI-Powered Social Media Platforms Compatible with Democracy? 38926 Deepfakes and Democracy 391Claire Benn27 Should Online Platforms Be Publicly Owned and Controlled? 415Sean DonahuePart 2 AI Governance 42728 The Tragedy of AI Governance 429Simon Chesterman29 Can AI Be Governed? 439Gillian K. HadfieldIndex 453