Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Chris Mi, PhD, is a Fellow of the IEEE and SAE, a Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and the Director of the US DOE-funded GATE Center for Electric Drive Transportation at San Diego State University, San Diego. M. Abul Masrur, PhD, is a Life Fellow of the IEEE, an Adjunct Professor at the University of Detroit Mercy, and Adjunct Faculty at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, where he has been teaching courses including Advanced Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vehicular Power Systems, Electric Drives, and Power Electronics since around 2003.

• About the Authors xvPreface to the First Edition xviiPreface to the Second Edition xixPreface to the Third Edition xxi1 Introduction 11.1 Sustainable Transportation 21.2 A Brief History of HEVs 81.3 Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn 91.4 Architectures of HEVs 111.5 Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs 161.6 State of the Art of HEVs 171.7 Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs 251.8 The Invisible Hand–Government Support 261.9 Latest Development in EV and HEV, China’s Surge in EV Sales 28References 292 Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile 312.1 Vehicle Basics 312.2 Basics of the EV 352.3 Basics of the HEV 382.4 Basics of PHEV 402.5 Basics of FCVs 41Reference 423 HEVFundamentals 433.1 Introduction 433.2 Vehicle Model 443.3 Vehicle Performance 463.4 EV Powertrain Component Sizing 493.5 Series Hybrid Vehicle 523.6 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle 573.7 Wheel Slip Dynamics 65References 674 Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain 694.1 Principle of Planetary Gears 694.2 Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain 744.3 GM Two-mode Hybrid Transmission 774.4 Dual-clutch Hybrid Transmissions 844.5 Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al. 894.6 Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission 914.7 Timken Two-mode Hybrid Transmission 924.8 Tsai’s Hybrid Transmission 954.9 Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism 974.10 Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E-four-wheel Drive 984.11 CAMRY Hybrid 1004.12 Chevy Volt Powertrain 1004.13 Nonideal Gears in the Planetary System 1024.14 Dynamics of the Transmission 1034.15 Conclusions 104References 1045 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 1075.1 Introduction to PHEVs 1075.2 PHEV Architectures 1105.3 Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs 1115.4 Fuel Economy of PHEVs 1125.5 Power Management of PHEVs 1155.6 PHEV Design and Component Sizing 1175.7 Component Sizing of EREVs 1175.8 Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs 1185.9 HEV to PHEV Conversions 1185.10 Other Topics on PHEVs 1215.11 Vehicle-to-grid Technology 1245.12 Conclusion 135References 1356 Special Hybrid Vehicles 1376.1 Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles 1376.2 Off-road HEVs 1416.3 Diesel HEVs 1556.4 Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, and Locomotives 1566.5 Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles 166References 166Further Readings 1677 HEV Applications for Military Vehicles 1697.1 Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial for Military Applications 1697.2 Ground Vehicle Applications 1707.3 Nonground-vehicle Military Applications 1747.4 Ruggedness Issues 178References 180Further Readings 1808 Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics Related to HEVs 1818.1 Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs 1818.2 Reliability of HEVs 1878.3 EMC Issues 1988.4 NVH, Electromechanical, and Other Issues 2008.5 End-of-life Issues 202References 203Further Readings 2049 Power Electronics in HEVs 2059.1 Introduction 2059.2 Principles of Power Electronics 2069.3 Rectifiers Used in HEVs 2089.4 Buck Converter Used in HEVs 2159.5 Nonisolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter 2169.6 Voltage Source Inverter 2229.7 Current Source Inverter 2229.8 Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter 2249.9 PWM Rectifier in HEVs 2349.10 EV and PHEV Battery Chargers 2359.11 Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics 2439.12 Emerging Power Electronic Devices 2459.13 Circuit Packaging 2459.14 Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics 2469.15 Conclusions 248References 24810 Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs 25110.1 Introduction 25110.2 Induction Motor Drives 25110.3 PM Motor Drives 27710.4 Switched Reluctance Motors 29610.5 Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines 29910.6 Design and Sizing of Traction Motors 30210.7 Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors 30410.8 Conclusions 310References 31011 Electric Energy Sources and Storage Devices 32111.1 Introduction 32111.2 Characterization of Batteries 32211.3 Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies 34111.4 Ultracapacitors 34211.5 Electric Circuit Model for Batteries and Ultracapacitors 34311.6 Flywheel ESS 34711.7 Fuel Cell-based Hybrid Vehicular Systems 34911.8 Summary and Discussion 353References 354Further Reading 35412 Battery Modeling 35712.1 Introduction 35712.2 Modeling of Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery 35712.3 Modeling of Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery 35912.4 Parameter Estimation for Battery Models 36012.5 Example Case of Using Battery Model in an EV System 36212.6 Summary and Observations on Modeling and Simulation for Batteries 366References 368Further Readings 36813 EV and PHEV Battery Charger Design 37113.1 Introduction 37113.2 Main Features of the LLC Resonant Charger 37313.3 Design Considerations for an LLC Converter for a PHEV Battery Charger 37813.4 Charging Trajectory Design 38113.5 Design Procedures 38613.6 Experimental Results 38813.7 Fast Charging of Electric Vehicles 39213.8 Conclusions 395References 39514 Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 39914.1 Introduction 39914.2 Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling 40014.3 HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR 40214.4 HEV Modeling Using PSAT 40514.5 Physics-based Modeling 40614.6 Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques 41314.7 Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods 41614.8 Conclusion 417References 41715 HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization 42115.1 Introduction 42115.2 Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design 42215.3 Model-in-the-loop Design Optimization Process 43315.4 Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example 43415.5 Series HEV Design Optimization Example 43915.6 Conclusion 445References 44616 Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications 44916.1 Introduction 44916.2 Fundamental Theory 45116.3 Magnetic Coupler Design 45616.4 Compensation Network 46016.5 Power Electronics Converters and Power Control 46216.6 Methods of Study 46316.7 Additional Discussion 46516.8 A Double-sided LCC Compensation Topology and its Parameter Design 46816.9 An LCLC-based Wireless Charger Using Capacitive Power Transfer Principle 48916.10 Summary 496References 49617 Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management 50517.1 A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs 50517.2 Methodology to Implement 50717.3 Benefits of Energy Management 519References 519Further Reading 52018 Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation 52118.1 What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs? 52118.2 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization 52118.3 Standardization and Commercialization 52218.4 Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles 52318.5 Commercialization of HEVs for Trucks and Off-road Applications 52418.6 Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation 524Further Readings 52519 A Holistic Perspective on Vehicle Electrification 52719.1 Vehicle Electrification – What Does it Involve? 52719.2 To What Extent Should Vehicles Be Electrified? 52719.3 What Other Industries Are Involved or Affected in Vehicle Electrification? 52919.4 Latest Technologies and Their Impact on Vehicular Electrification 52919.5 A More Complete Picture Toward Vehicle Electrification 53119.6 The Ultimate Issue: To Electrify Vehicles or Not? 534Further Readings 535Index 537