Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Chris Mi, PhD, is the Professor and Chair of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Director of DTE Power Electronics Laboratory at San Diego State University. M. Abul Masrur, PhD, is an Adjunct Professor at the University of Detroit Mercy, where he has been teaching courses on Advanced Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Vehicular Power Systems, Electric Drives, and Power Electronics.

• About the Authors xviiPreface To the First Edition xxiPreface To the Second Edition xxvSeries Preface xxvii1 Introduction 11.1 Sustainable Transportation 21.2 A Brief History of HEVs 71.3 Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn 101.4 Architectures of HEVs 111.5 Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs 171.6 State of the Art of HEVs 171.7 Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs 241.8 The Invisible Hand–Government Support 251.9 Latest Development in EV and HEV, China’s Surge in EV Sales 27References 292 Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile 312.1 Vehicle Basics 312.2 Basics of the EV 362.3 Basics of the HEV 392.4 Basics of Plug‐In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 402.5 Basics of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) 42Reference 433 HEV Fundamentals 453.1 Introduction 453.2 Vehicle Model 463.3 Vehicle Performance 493.4 EV Powertrain Component Sizing 523.5 Series Hybrid Vehicle 553.6 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle 603.7 Wheel Slip Dynamics 68References 714 Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain 734.1 Principle of Planetary Gears 734.2 Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain 764.3 GM Two‐Mode Hybrid Transmission 804.4 Dual‐Clutch Hybrid Transmissions 874.5 Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al. 924.6 Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission 954.7 Timken Two‐Mode Hybrid Transmission 964.8 Tsai’s Hybrid Transmission 994.9 Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism 1004.10 Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E‐Four‐Wheel Drive 1024.11 CAMRY Hybrid 1034.12 Chevy Volt Powertrain 1044.13 Non‐Ideal Gears in the Planetary System 1064.14 Dynamics of the Transmission 1074.15 Conclusions 108References 1085 Plug‐In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 1115.1 Introduction to PHEVs 1115.2 PHEV Architectures 1155.3 Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs 1155.4 Fuel Economy of PHEVs 1165.5 Power Management of PHEVs 1195.6 PHEV Design and Component Sizing 1215.7 Component Sizing of EREVs 1225.8 Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs 1235.9 HEV to PHEV Conversions 1235.10 Other Topics on PHEVs 1265.11 Vehicle‐to‐Grid Technology 1295.12 Conclusion 140References 1406 Special Hybrid Vehicles 1436.1 Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles 1436.2 Off‐Road HEVs 1486.3 Diesel HEVs 1636.4 Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, and Locomotives 1646.5 Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles 172References 173Further Reading 1747 HEV Applications for Military Vehicles 1757.1 Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial for Military Applications 1757.2 Ground Vehicle Applications 1767.3 Non‐Ground‐Vehicle Military Applications 1807.4 Ruggedness Issues 185References 186Further Reading 1878 Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics Related to HEVs 1898.1 Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs 1898.2 Reliability of HEVs 1958.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Issues 2038.4 Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH), Electromechanical, and Other Issues 2058.5 End‐of‐Life Issues 207References 208Further Reading 2099 Power Electronics in HEVs 2119.1 Introduction 2119.2 Principles of Power Electronics 2129.3 Rectifiers Used in HEVs 2149.4 Buck Converter Used in HEVs 2219.5 Non‐Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter 2239.6 Voltage Source Inverter 2299.7 Current Source Inverter 2299.8 Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter 2319.9 PWM Rectifier in HEVs 2429.10 EV and PHEV Battery Chargers 2439.11 Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics 2519.12 Emerging Power Electronics Devices 2539.13 Circuit Packaging 2549.14 Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics 2549.15 Conclusions 257References 25710 Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs 26110.1 Introduction 26110.2 Induction Motor Drives 26210.3 Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 28710.4 Switched Reluctance Motors 31010.5 Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines 31110.6 Design and Sizing of Traction Motors 31510.7 Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors 31610.8 Conclusions 323References 32311 Electric Energy Sources and Storage Devices 33311.1 Introduction 33311.2 Characterization of Batteries 33511.3 Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies 35511.4 Ultracapacitors 35611.5 Electric Circuit Model for Batteries and Ultracapacitors 35811.6 Flywheel Energy Storage System 36211.7 Fuel Cell Based Hybrid Vehicular Systems 36411.8 Summary and Discussion 368References 368Further Reading 36912 Battery Modeling 37112.1 Introduction 37112.2 Modeling of Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery 37212.3 Modeling of Lithium‐Ion (Li‐Ion) Battery 37412.4 Parameter Estimation for Battery Models 37512.5 Example Case of Using Battery Model in an EV System 37712.6 Summary and Observations on Modeling and Simulation for Batteries 382References 383Further Reading 38313 EV and PHEV Battery Charger Design 38513.1 Introduction 38513.2 Main Features of the LLC Resonant Charger 38713.3 Design Considerations for an LLC Converter for a PHEV Battery Charger 39313.4 Charging Trajectory Design 39613.5 Design Procedures 40113.6 Experimental Results 40113.7 Conclusions 407References 40714 Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 40914.1 Introduction 40914.2 Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling 41014.3 HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR 41214.4 HEV Modeling Using PSAT 41614.5 Physics‐Based Modeling 41614.6 Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques 42414.7 Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods 42814.8 Conclusion 428References 42815 HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization 43315.1 Introduction 43315.2 Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design 43415.3 Model‐in‐the‐Loop Design Optimization Process 44615.4 Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example 44715.5 Series HEV Design Optimization Example 45215.6 Conclusion 459References 45916 Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications 46116.1 Introduction 46116.2 Fundamental Theory 46416.3 Magnetic Coupler Design 46816.4 Compensation Network 47316.5 Power Electronics Converters and Power Control 47516.6 Methods of Study 47716.7 Additional Discussion 47916.8 A Double‐Sided LCC Compensation Topology and its Parameter Design 48216.9 An LCLC Based Wireless Charger Using Capacitive Power Transfer Principle 50216.10 Summary 511References 51117 Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management 52117.1 A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs 52117.2 Methodology to Implement 52317.3 Benefits of Energy Management 536References 536Further Reading 53718 Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation 53918.1 What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs? 53918.2 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization 53918.3 Standardization and Commercialization 54018.4 Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles 54118.5 Commercialization of HEVs for Trucks and Off‐Road Applications 54218.6 Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation 543Further Reading 54319 A Holistic Perspective on Vehicle Electrification 54519.1 Vehicle Electrification – What Does it Involve? 54519.2 To What Extent Should Vehicles Be Electrified? 54519.3 What Other Industries Are Involved or Affected in Vehicle Electrification? 54719.4 A More Complete Picture Towards Vehicle Electrification 54819.5 The Ultimate Issue: To Electrify Vehicles or Not? 551Further Reading 553Index 555