Preface ixAcknowledgements xi1 Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines 11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 51.3 ENGINE CYCLES 71.4 ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS 111.5 ENGINE CONFIGURATIONS 241.6 EXAMPLES OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 301.7 ALTERNATIVE POWERTRAIN TECHNOLOGY 341.8 FURTHER READING 401.9 HOMEWORK 412 Ideal Gas Engine Cycles 432.1 INTRODUCTION 432.2 GAS CYCLE ENERGY ADDITION 442.3 CONSTANT VOLUME ENERGY ADDITION 452.4 CONSTANT PRESSURE ENERGY ADDITION 502.5 LIMITED PRESSURE CYCLE 542.6 MILLER CYCLE 542.7 IDEAL FOUR-STROKE PROCESS AND RESIDUAL FRACTION 602.8 FINITE ENERGY RELEASE 712.9 HOMEWORK 913 Thermodynamic Properties of Fuel-Air Mixtures 953.1 INTRODUCTION 953.2 PROPERTIES OF IDEAL GAS MIXTURES 953.3 LIQUID-VAPOR-GAS MIXTURES 1043.4 FUGACITY AND COMPRESSIBLE EQUATIONS OF STATE 1093.5 STOICHIOMETRY 1123.6 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 1153.7 LOW TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION MODELING 1183.8 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM USING LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS 1243.9 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM USING EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS 1273.10 ISENTROPIC COMPRESSION AND EXPANSION 1343.11 REFERENCES 1403.12 HOMEWORK 1404 Thermodynamics of Combustion 1434.1 INTRODUCTION 1434.2 FIRST LAW ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION 1434.3 SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION 1494.4 FUEL-AIR OTTO CYCLE 1544.5 FOUR-STROKE FUEL-AIR OTTO CYCLE 1594.6 LIMITED-PRESSURE FUEL AIR CYCLE 1634.7 TWO ZONE FINITE ENERGY RELEASE MODEL 1704.8 COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE FUEL-AIR MODEL 1784.9 COMPARISON OF FUEL-AIR CYCLES WITH ACTUAL SPARK AND COMPRESSION IGNITION CYCLES 1824.10 CHEMICAL KINETICS 1874.11 GLOBAL, DETAILED, AND REDUCED REACTION MECHANISMS 1944.12 FURTHER READING 2014.13 REFERENCES 2024.14 HOMEWORK 2025 Intake and Exhaust Flow 2055.1 INTRODUCTION 2055.2 FLOW THROUGH INTAKE AND EXHAUST VALVES 2055.3 INTAKE AND EXHAUST MANIFOLD FLOW 2315.4 AIRFLOW IN TWO-STROKE ENGINES 2395.5 SUPERCHARGERS AND TURBOCHARGERS 2505.6 FURTHER READING 2755.7 REFERENCES 2755.8 HOMEWORK 2766 Fuel and Air Flow in the Cylinder 2816.1 INTRODUCTION 2816.2 FUEL INJECTION - SPARK IGNITION 2826.3 FUEL INJECTION - COMPRESSION IGNITION 2846.4 FUEL SPRAYS 2916.5 GASEOUS FUEL INJECTION 3026.6 PRECHAMBERS 3066.7 CARBURETION 3106.8 LARGE SCALE IN-CYLINDER FLOW 3116.9 IN-CYLINDER TURBULENCE 3186.10 REYNOLDS AND FAVRE AVERAGING 3296.11 FULL-FIELD NAVIER-STOKES TURBULENCE MODELS 3326.12 FURTHER READING 3386.13 REFERENCES 3386.14 HOMEWORK 3397 Combustion Processes in Engines 3437.1 INTRODUCTION 3437.2 COMBUSTION IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINES 3447.3 ABNORMAL COMBUSTION (KNOCK) IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINES 3657.4 COMBUSTION IN COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES 3717.5 LOW TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION 3857.6 FURTHER READING 3967.7 REFERENCES 3977.8 HOMEWORK 3988 Emissions 4018.1 INTRODUCTION 4018.2 NITROGEN OXIDES 4028.3 CARBON MONOXIDE 4188.4 HYDROCARBONS 4208.5 PARTICULATES 4268.6 EMISSIONS REGULATION AND CONTROL 4338.7 FURTHER READING 4448.8 HOMEWORK 4459 Fuels 4499.1 INTRODUCTION 4499.2 REFINING 4509.3 HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY 4529.4 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF FUEL MIXTURES 4569.5 GASOLINE FUELS 4699.6 ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES 4739.7 DIESEL FUELS 4849.8 FURTHER READING 4929.9 HOMEWORK 49310 Friction and Lubrication 49510.1 INTRODUCTION 49510.2 FRICTION COEFFICIENT 49510.3 ENGINE OILS 49810.4 FRICTION POWER AND MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE 50210.5 FRICTION MEASUREMENTS 50310.6 FRICTION SCALING PARAMETERS 50710.7 PISTON AND RING FRICTION 50810.8 JOURNAL BEARINGS 52410.9 VALVE TRAIN FRICTION 53010.10 ACCESSORY FRICTION 53410.11 PUMPING MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE 53610.12 OVERALL ENGINE FRICTION MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE 53710.13 FURTHER READING 54110.14 REFERENCES 54110.15 HOMEWORK 54211 Heat and Mass Transfer 54511.1 INTRODUCTION 54511.2 ENGINE COOLING SYSTEMS 54611.3 ENGINE ENERGY BALANCE 54711.4 ENGINE HEAT FLUX 55211.5 HEAT TRANSFER MODELING 55511.6 HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATIONS 56111.7 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER 56911.8 HEAT TRANSFER IN THE EXHAUST SYSTEM 57311.9 MASS LOSS OR BLOWBY 57411.10 FURTHER READING 57711.11 REFERENCES 57711.12 HOMEWORK 57812 Engine Instrumentation and Measurement 58112.1 INTRODUCTION 58112.2 INSTRUMENTATION 58112.3 COMBUSTION ANALYSIS 58912.4 EXHAUST GAS ANALYSIS 59512.5 VEHICLE EMISSIONS TESTING 60812.6 FURTHER READING 60912.7 HOMEWORK 61013 Engine Control 61313.1 INTRODUCTION 61313.2 SPARK IGNITION ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEMS 61313.3 COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEMS 61513.4 ENGINE SENSORS AND ACTUATORS 61613.5 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS 61813.6 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 62113.7 OPEN AND CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS 62413.8 PID CONTROLLERS 62713.9 ENGINE TRANSFER FUNCTIONS WITH STEP INPUTS 63113.10 ENGINE TRANSFER FUNCTIONS WITH HARMONIC INPUTS 63513.11 DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR ENGINES 64313.12 STATE SPACE MODELING 65213.13 MEAN VALUE ENGINE MODEL 65413.14 DISCRETE EVENT ENGINE CONTROL MODELING 66313.15 ADDITIONAL MODEL BASED CONTROLLERS 66413.16 FURTHER READING 66413.17 HOMEWORK 66514 Overall Engine Performance 66714.1 INTRODUCTION 66714.2 EFFECT OF ENGINE SIZE, BORE, AND STROKE 66714.3 EFFECT OF ENGINE SPEED 67014.4 EFFECT OF AIR-FUEL RATIO AND LOAD 67214.5 ENGINE PERFORMANCE MAPS 67614.6 EFFECT OF IGNITION AND INJECTION TIMING 68014.7 EFFECT OF COMPRESSION RATIO 68314.8 VEHICLE DRIVETRAINS 68314.9 VEHICLE DRIVING CYCLE SIMULATION 68914.10 FURTHER READING 69214.11 HOMEWORK 693A Appendix Conversion Factors and Physical Constants 697B Appendix Physical Properties of Air 701C Appendix Thermodynamic Property Tables for Various Ideal Gases 705D Appendix Curve Fit Coefficients for Thermodynamic Properties of Various Fuels and Ideal Gases 713E Appendix Detailed Thermodynamic and Fluid Flow Analyses 717F Appendix Computer Programs 729
Internal Combustion Engines - Allan T. Kirkpatrick - Inbunden | Bokus
