Companion to Epistemology

Jonathan Dancy is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Reading and the University of Texas at Austin. He is the author of Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology (Blackwell, 1985), Berkeley (1987), Moral Reasons (Blackwell, 1992) and Ethics without Principles (2004). Ernest Sosa is Board of Governors Professor at Rutgers University. He is the author of Epistemic Justification: Internalism vs. Externalism, Foundations vs. Virtues (together with Laurence BonJour) in the Wiley-Blackwell series Great Debates in Philosophy (2003), A Virtue Epistemology; Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, Volume I (2007), and Reflective Knowledge; Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, Volume II (2009). His publications also include his replies for the volume Sosa and His Critics (edited by John Greco, 2004) in the Wiley-Blackwell series Philosophers and Their Critics, as well as numerous articles.Matthias Steup is Professor of Philosophy at Purdue University. He is the author of An Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology (1996) and many articles in epistemology.  He edited Knowledge, Truth, and Duty: Essays on Epistemic Justification, Responsibility, and Virtue (2001), and he is co-editor with Ernest Sosa of Contemporary Debates in Epistemology (Blackwell, 2005).

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• List of Contributors xiiiPreface to the First Edition xixPreface to the Second Edition xxiiiPart I Ten Review Essays 1Skepticism and Closure Anthony Brueckner 3Contextualism Richard Feldman 12Foundations and Coherence Michael Huemer 22Recent Work on the Internalism–Externalism Controversy Laurence BonJour 33A Priori Knowledge Albert Casullo 43The Common Sense Tradition Noah Lemos 53The Power of Perception Peter Markie 62Virtue Epistemology John Greco 75Social Epistemology Alvin Goldman 82Bayesian Epistemology Alan Hájek and Stephan Hartmann 93Part II Twenty Epistemological Self-profiles 107Robert Audi 109Laurence BonJour 114Stewart Cohen 118Earl Conee and Richard Feldman 123Fred Dretske 130Richard Foley 134Richard Fumerton 139Alvin I. Goldman 144Gilbert Harman 152Peter Klein 156Hilary Kornblith 163Keith Lehrer 168Alvin Plantinga 173John Pollock 178Ernest Sosa 185Barry Stroud 190Michael Williams 194Timothy Williamson 199Crispin Wright 204Linda Zagzebski 210Part III Epistemology from A to Z 217(Entries without author list cross references)A 219a priori/a posteriori Albert Casullo 219abduction Christopher Hookway 221absurdity Robert S. Tragesser 221Academy (Plato) Nicholas P. White 221act/object analysis Michael Pendlebury 222adverbial theory Michael Pendlebury 222agnosticism Alvin Plantinga 223Alston, William P. (1921–2009) Robert Audi 223analyticity Jerrold J. Katz 224anamnesis Nicholas P. White 230antinomy Robert S. Tragesser 230apodeictic Robert S. Tragesser 231aporia Robert S. Tragesser 231apperception David McNaughton 231Aquinas, Thomas (1225–74) Scott MacDonald 231argument Albert Casullo 235argument from analogy Jonathan Dancy 235argument from illusion Richard Fumerton 236Aristotle (384–322 BC) Terence Irwin 240Armstrong, David M. (1926–) Adrian Heathcote 244association Barry Stroud 245ataraxia Charlotte Stough 245Augustine, St (354–430) Scott MacDonald 245Austin, John L(angshaw) (1911–60) Graham Bird 247avowals David Pears 249axiomatization, axiomatics Robert S. Tragesser 249Ayer, A(lfred) J(ules) (1910–89) Graeme Forbes 250B 253Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulam (1561–1626) G. A. J. Rogers 253basic belief Matthias Steup 253behaviourism Edward Erwin 254belief John Heil 254belief in and belief that John Heil 259Bergmann, Gustav (1906–87) Laird Addis 260Berkeley, George (1685–1753) Michael Ayers 261Blanshard, Brand (1892–1987) Michael Williams 264Brentano, Franz (1838–1917) R. M. Chisholm 265burden of proof Douglas N. Walton 266C 267Carnap, Rudolf (1891–1970) Wesley C. Salmon 267Cartesianism John Cottingham 268causal theories in epistemology Carl Ginet 268certainty Peter D. Klein 272Chisholm, Roderick (1916–99) Richard Foley 275circular reasoning Douglas N. Walton 277cogito John Cottingham 277coherentism Keith Lehrer 278collective belief Margaret Gilbert 281commonsensism and critical cognitivism Noah H. Lemos 282concepts Christopher Peacocke 285Continental epistemology Linda Alcoff 287convention Robert S. Tragesser 292conversational implicature Duncan Pritchard 293criteria and knowledge Bruce Hunter 294criterion, canon Bruce Hunter 298critical cognitivism 299D 300Davidson, Donald (1930–2003) Ernest Lepore 300death of epistemology Michael Williams 301defeasibility Bruce Hunter 304definition Robert S. Tragesser 305Derrida, Jacques (1930–2004) Samuel C. Wheeler III 306Descartes, René (1596–1650) John Cottingham 306Dewey, John (1859–1952) Peter H. Hare 310dialectic (Hegel) Kenneth R. Westphal 312dialectic (Plato) Nicholas P. White 313different constructions in terms of “knows” Jaakko Hintikka 313direct realism L. S. Carrier 318disposition John Heil 322dogmatism Alvin Plantinga 322doxastic voluntarism Sharon Ryan 322Dutch book argument 325E 326empiricism Bruce Hunter 326Epicurus (c.341–271 BC) Phillip Mitsis 331epistemic deontologism Sharon Ryan 332epistemic luck Mylan Engel 336epistemic supervenience John Turri 340epistemic virtue Guy Axtell 343epoche Dagfinn Follesdal 347essence (Husserl) Dagfinn Follesdal 347essence (Plato) Nicholas P. White 348essentialism 348ethics and epistemology Jonathan Dancy 348evidence Richard Feldman 349evolutionary argument against naturalism Omar Mirza 351evolutionary epistemology Edward Stein 354existence Christopher Hookway 356experience, theories of Michael Pendlebury 357explanation Wesley C. Salmon 361external world 364externalism/internalism Laurence BonJour 364F 369fact/value Robert Audi 369fallibilism Adam Leite 370feminist epistemology Lorraine Code 375first philosophy Christopher Hookway 380Firth, Roderick (1917–87) John Troyer 380Foucault, Michel (1926–84) Linda Alcoff 381foundationalism William P. Alston 382Frege, Gottlob (1848–1925) David Bell 385Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939) Jim Hopkins 387G 389Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1900–2002) Linda Alcoff 389genetic epistemology Richard F. Kitchener 389genetic fallacy Douglas N. Walton 393geometry Wesley C. Salmon 393Gettier problem Paul K. Moser 395given, the Alan H. Goldman 397Goodman, Nelson (1906–98) Catherine Z. Elgin 400Grice, H. Paul (1913–88) Richard E. Grandy 402H 404Habermas, Jürgen (1929–) Hans-Johann Glock 404Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831) Kenneth R. Westphal 405Heidegger, Martin (1889–1976) Charles Guignon 408Hempel, Carl Gustav (1905–97) Jaegwon Kim 409Hempel’s paradox of the ravens Peter Achinstein 410hermeneutics Charles Guignon 412Hintikka, Jaakko (1929–) Risto Hilpinen 413historical knowledge Jack W. Meiland 414historicism David Bakhurst 416Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679) Tom Sorell 417holism Christopher Hookway 420Hume, David (1711–76) Barry Stroud 420Husserl, Edmund (1859–1938) Dagfinn Follesdal 423I 425idea R. S. Woolhouse 425idealism Nicholas Rescher 425ideology David Bakhurst 429illusion 431immediacy, presence Alan H. Goldman 431in itself/for itself M. Okrent 432incorrigibility William P. Alston 433indeterminacy of reference Christopher Hookway 433indeterminacy of translation Christopher Hookway 434Indian epistemology J. N. Mohanty 434indubitability William P. Alston 438induction, problem of 438induction: enumerative and hypothetical Gilbert Harman 438infallibility William P. Alston 444inference Robert S. Tragesser 444inference to the best explanation Richard Fumerton 445infinite regress argument John F. Post 447informal fallacies Douglas N. Walton 450innate ideas G. A. J. Rogers 454introspection Vrinda Dalmiya 456intuition and deduction Robert S. Tragesser 460intuition in epistemology Bruce Russell 464isostheneia Charlotte Stough 468J 469James, William (1842–1910) Peter H. Hare 469judgement John Heil 470justification Matthias Steup 471K 472Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804) James van Cleeve 472KK-thesis Risto Hilpinen 476knower paradox 476knowledge 476knowledge and belief Steven Luper 476knowledge by acquaintance/by description David B. Martens 479knowledge how, who, why etc. 482knowledge-seeking by questioning Jaakko Hintikka 483L 487Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716) R. C. Sleigh, JR 487Lewis, Clarence Irving (1883–1964) John Troyer 489limits of human knowledge Nicholas Rescher 490linguistic understanding Christopher Peacocke 492literature and knowledge Paisley Livingston 497Locke, John (1632–1704) R. S. Woolhouse 500logical construction R. M. Sainsbury 503logical empiricism 504logical positivism Barry Stroud 504logicism David Bell 506lottery paradox Jonathan Vogel 506luck, epistemic 511M 512Marxism David Bakhurst 512mathematical knowledge Mark Steiner 514memory Tom Senor 520Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (1908–61) John J. Compton 524methodology Wesley C. Salmon 525Mill, John Stuart (1806–73) John Skorupski 525Molyneux’s problem Steve Smith 527Montaigne, Michel de (1533–92) Richard H. Popkin 528Moore, G(eorge) E(dward) (1873–1958) Thomas Baldwin 529Moore’s paradox Roy A. Sorensen 531moral epistemology Jonathan Dancy 532myth of the given 537N 538naïve realism 538natural science, epistemology of Wesley C. Salmon 538naturalism Philip Pettit 542naturalized epistemology Hilary Kornblith 543necessary/contingent David Blumenfeld 546necessity, modal knowledge Albert Casullo 547Neoplatonism S. Strange 548Neurath, Otto (1882–1945) Andy Hamilton 549Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844–1900) Alexander Nehamas 551nihilism 552noumenal/phenomenal James van Cleve 552Nozick, Robert (1940–2002) Sherrilyn Roush 554Nyvya J. N. Mohanty 556O 558objective/subjective Robert Audi 558objectivity David Bell 559Ockham, William of (c.1285–1347) Marilyn McCord Adams 562ontological commitment Christopher Hookway 563ontological relativity Christopher Hookway 564ostensive definition P. M. S. Hacker 564other minds Akeel Bilgrami 566P 572paradox Jonathan Vogel 572paradox of the knower C. Anthony Anderson 572paradoxes of analysis Felicia Ackerman 574paranormal knowledge Patrick Grim 577Peirce, Charles S. (1839–1914) Christopher Hookway 580perceptual knowledge Fred Dretske 581perspectivism 586phenomenalism Richard Fumerton 586phenomenology Charles Guignon 590philosophical knowledge Felicia Ackerman 590Plato (c.429–347 BC) Nicholas White 593Popper, Karl (1902–94) Anthony O’Hear 597positivism 599pragmatism Susan Hack 599preface paradox Earl Conee 604presence 606presocratic epistemology J. H. Lesher 606prima facie reasons Jonathan Dancy 609primary and secondary qualities Barry Stroud 609principle of charity Ernest Lepore 613principle of contradiction Robert S. Tragesser 613principle of credulity William P. Alston 614principle of identity Robert A. Tragesser 615private language argument P. M. S. Hacker 616probability, theories of Brian Skyrms 622problem of the criterion Matthias Steup 626problem of the external world George Pappas 628problem of induction 634problem of other minds 634problem of rule-following Philip Pettit 634problems of induction Laurence BonJour 638projection, projectibility Catherine Z. Elgin 643proof Robert S. Tragesser 643propositional knowledge Robert K. Shope 644protocol sentences Andy Hamilton 649psychologism David Bell 649psychology and epistemology Edward Erwin 649Putnam, Hilary (1926–) Thomas Tymoczko 654Pyrrhonism Charlotte Stough 655Q 657Quine, Willard Van Orman (1908–2000) Christopher Hookway 657R 659rationalism Edwin Curley 659rationality L. Jonathan Cohen 663realism Philip Pettit 668reasons/causes Robert Audi 672Reichenbach, Hans (1891–1953) Wesley C. Salmon 673Reid, Thomas (1710–96) Keith Lehrer 674reification, hypostatization Christopher Hookway 676relativism Harvey Siegel 676relevant alternatives Stewart Cohen 678reliabilism Alvin Goldman 681religious belief, epistemology of Alvin Plantinga 692religious belief, epistemology of – recent developments Michael Bergmann 697representation Robert Cummins 699representative realism Frank Jackson 702Rescher, Nicholas (1928–) Robert Almeder 705Rorty, Richard (1931–2007) Michael Williams 706rule-following 707Russell, Bertrand Arthur William (1872–1970) R. M. Sainsbury 707Ryle, Gilbert (1900–76) Graham Bird 709S 712safety 712Santayana, George (1863–1952) John Lachs 712Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905–80) Gregory McCulloch 713scepticism Peter D. Klein 714scepticism, contemporary Peter D. Klein 715scepticism, modern Richard Popkin 719Schlick, Moritz (1882–1936) Andy Hamilton 722scientia media 723self-consciousness Vrinda Dalmiya 723self-evidence Alan H. Goldman 723self-knowledge and self-identity Sydney Shoemaker 724self-presenting Alan H. Goldman 726Sellars, Wilfrid (1912–89) Jay Rosenberg 727sensation/cognition Fred Dretske 729sense-data Alan H. Goldman 732sensitivity and safety Duncan Pritchard 732Sextus Empiricus Charlotte Stough 736simplicity Elliott Sober 738social sciences, epistemology of Fred D’Agostino 739sociology of knowledge David Bloor 744Socrates 747solipsism Clive Borst 747Spinoza, Benedict (also Baruch) (1632–77) Don Garrett 749Stoic epistemology J. V. Allen 750Strawson, Peter Frederick (1919–2006) P. F. Snowdon 753strong programme David Bloor 754Suárez, Francisco (1548–1617) Jorge J. E. Gracia 755subjectivism Richard Foley 756subjectivity Christopher Peacocke 758supervenience 760surprise examination paradox Roy A. Sorensen 760T 763tabula rasa R. S. Woolhouse 763testimony Jennifer Lackey 763theory Wesley C. Salmon 768transcendental arguments A. C. Grayling 768tripartite definition of knowledge Paul K. Moser 771truth, theories of Paul Horwich 772truths of reason/truths of fact David Blumenfeld 777U 779underdetermination of theory Christopher Hookway 779use/mention Matthias Steup 779V 780verificationism Barry Stroud 780Vico, Giambattista (1668–1744) Leon Pompa 780Vienna Circle Andy Hamilton 782W 783Whitehead, Alfred North (1861–1947) Donald W. Sherburne 783Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1889–1951) David Pears 783Z 788zebras and cleverly disguised mules Mylan Engel 788Index 793