Gül Aldıkaçtı Marshall is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Louisville.

• List of TablesList of AbbreviationsAcknowledgments1. Conceptualizing the Actors RolesTheorizing Women’s Visibility within the Configuration of the Grassroots Activism, the State, and the EUAnalysis of Strategies Used by Women’s Groups, the EU, and the Turkish StateOverview of the Book2. Gender Equality, Women’s Rights, and Stipulations within the Enlarging EUFraming Gender Equality through Hard LawsExpanding the Meaning of Gender EqualityWomen’s Rights and Gendered Citizenship3. Before the 1999 Helsinki Summit: The State’s Gender Regime in TurkeyOttoman Reforms and the Gendered SubjectKemalist Revolution and the Gendered CitizenWomen amid Political Loyalty and Political MobilizationGender (In)Equality in Laws in the Republic of TurkeyThe Implications of Laws and Women’s Lived Experiences, 1923–19994. Active Citizenship: Women’s Collective Response to the State’s Gender Regime in Turkey, 1980–1999The Rise of the Feminist MovementDiversity in Women’s Activism: Islamist and Kemalist Women5. Aftermath of the 1999 Helsinki Summit: The Role of the EU and the Turkish State in Changing Gender Policies in TurkeyBrief History of the Relationship between Turkey and the EUEuropeanization, Conditionality, and Gender EqualityEmerging Picture of Gender-Equality Reforms6. Women’s Grassroots Activism in Changing Gender Policies after the Helsinki SummitTaking Advantage of the EU Membership ProcessRelations with the EUUtilizing the UN Meetings for Policy Changes in Turkey7. Conclusion: Sustained-Pressure in Shifting WindsAppendix A: InterviewsAppendix B: Names of Women’s Organizations and Journals in Turkish and EnglishNotesReferencesIndex

Gül Aldıkaçtı Marshall is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Louisville.

• List of TablesList of AbbreviationsAcknowledgments1. Conceptualizing the Actors RolesTheorizing Women’s Visibility within the Configuration of the Grassroots Activism, the State, and the EUAnalysis of Strategies Used by Women’s Groups, the EU, and the Turkish StateOverview of the Book2. Gender Equality, Women’s Rights, and Stipulations within the Enlarging EUFraming Gender Equality through Hard LawsExpanding the Meaning of Gender EqualityWomen’s Rights and Gendered Citizenship3. Before the 1999 Helsinki Summit: The State’s Gender Regime in TurkeyOttoman Reforms and the Gendered SubjectKemalist Revolution and the Gendered CitizenWomen amid Political Loyalty and Political MobilizationGender (In)Equality in Laws in the Republic of TurkeyThe Implications of Laws and Women’s Lived Experiences, 1923–19994. Active Citizenship: Women’s Collective Response to the State’s Gender Regime in Turkey, 1980–1999The Rise of the Feminist MovementDiversity in Women’s Activism: Islamist and Kemalist Women5. Aftermath of the 1999 Helsinki Summit: The Role of the EU and the Turkish State in Changing Gender Policies in TurkeyBrief History of the Relationship between Turkey and the EUEuropeanization, Conditionality, and Gender EqualityEmerging Picture of Gender-Equality Reforms6. Women’s Grassroots Activism in Changing Gender Policies after the Helsinki SummitTaking Advantage of the EU Membership ProcessRelations with the EUUtilizing the UN Meetings for Policy Changes in Turkey7. Conclusion: Sustained-Pressure in Shifting WindsAppendix A: InterviewsAppendix B: Names of Women’s Organizations and Journals in Turkish and EnglishNotesReferencesIndex

Gül Aldıkaçtı Marshall is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Louisville.

• List of TablesList of AbbreviationsAcknowledgments1. Conceptualizing the Actors RolesTheorizing Women’s Visibility within the Configuration of the Grassroots Activism, the State, and the EUAnalysis of Strategies Used by Women’s Groups, the EU, and the Turkish StateOverview of the Book2. Gender Equality, Women’s Rights, and Stipulations within the Enlarging EUFraming Gender Equality through Hard LawsExpanding the Meaning of Gender EqualityWomen’s Rights and Gendered Citizenship3. Before the 1999 Helsinki Summit: The State’s Gender Regime in TurkeyOttoman Reforms and the Gendered SubjectKemalist Revolution and the Gendered CitizenWomen amid Political Loyalty and Political MobilizationGender (In)Equality in Laws in the Republic of TurkeyThe Implications of Laws and Women’s Lived Experiences, 1923–19994. Active Citizenship: Women’s Collective Response to the State’s Gender Regime in Turkey, 1980–1999The Rise of the Feminist MovementDiversity in Women’s Activism: Islamist and Kemalist Women5. Aftermath of the 1999 Helsinki Summit: The Role of the EU and the Turkish State in Changing Gender Policies in TurkeyBrief History of the Relationship between Turkey and the EUEuropeanization, Conditionality, and Gender EqualityEmerging Picture of Gender-Equality Reforms6. Women’s Grassroots Activism in Changing Gender Policies after the Helsinki SummitTaking Advantage of the EU Membership ProcessRelations with the EUUtilizing the UN Meetings for Policy Changes in Turkey7. Conclusion: Sustained-Pressure in Shifting WindsAppendix A: InterviewsAppendix B: Names of Women’s Organizations and Journals in Turkish and EnglishNotesReferencesIndex