Michael Burger is a professor of history at Auburn University at Montgomery.

• Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Introduction for Students An Example of How to Analyze a Primary Source 1 The Descent of Ishtar 2 The Code of Hammurabi 3 The Enuma Elish 4 Hymn to Aton 5 First Book of Kings, 15–19 6 Book of Job 1–14, 21–24, 38–42 7 Homer, The Iliad 8 Plutarch, Life of Solon 9 Plato, The Symposium 10 Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War Plutarch, Life of Alexander the Great 12 Material Evidence Concerning the Greek World 12.1 Vase (detail) (Sixth Century BC) 12.2 The "Priam Painter," Hydria (c. 520–510 BC) 12.3 Kylix (detail) (c. 520–510 BC) 12.4 Kylix (detail), Attica (c. 490–480 BC) 12.5 Column Krater, Attica (c. 460 BC) 12.6 Funerary Vase (c. 440 BC) 12.7.1 House on Slope of the Areopagus (Fifth Century BC): Probable Functions of Rooms 12.7.2 House on Slope of the Areopagus (Fifth Century BC): Areas Used by Women and by Men 12.8 Polycleitus, Doryphorus (c. 440–435 BC) 12.9 Caryatid from the Erectheum, Athens (Roman copy; original late Fifth Century BC) 12.10 Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Cnidos (c. 350 BC) 12.11 Praxiteles, Hermes (c. 325 BC) 12.12 Crouching Aphrodite (Hellenistic) 12.13 Gaul (with His Wife) Killing Himself (c. 230–220 BC) 12.14 The Pharaoh Sesostris I (?) (Egypt, Second Millennium BC) 12.15 Queen Arsinoë II (Egypt, c. 210 BC) 12.16 Queen Cleopatra (II?) (Egypt, c. 170 BC) 12.17 Agesander, Athenodorus, and Polydorus of Rhodes, Lacoön and His Sons (c. 125 BC) 12.18 Market Woman (First Century BC) 13 Vergil, The Aeneid 14 Augustus, The Deeds of the Divine Augustus 15 Pliny the Younger, Letters 15.1 To Junius Mauricus 15.2 To Acilius 15.3 To Trajan 15.4 Trajan's Reply 15.5 To Trajan 15.6 To Trajan 15.7 Trajan's Reply 15.8 To Trajan 15.9 Trajan's Reply 16 Inscription From Mactar 17 Book of Matthew 3–9.32 18 John, Book of Revelation 15–20 19 Perpetua and Others, The Martyrdom of Saint Perpetua 20 Augustine, Confessions 21 Tacitus, De Germania 22 Sidonius Apollinaris, Letters 22.1 To Donidius 22.2 To Bishop Lupus 22.3 To Magnus Felix 22.4 To Ecdicius 22.5 To Arbogast 23 Benedict of Nursia, The Rule 24 Einhard, Life of Charlemagne 25 The Dooms of King Alfred 26 Gregory VII, Henry IV, and the German Bishops, Documents 26.1 Gregory VII, The Dictatus Papae 26.2 Letter of Gregory VII to Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 26.3 Letter of Henry IV to Gregory VII 26.4 Letter of Bishops in Germany to Gregory VII 26.5 First Deposition and Banning of the Emperor Henry IV by Gregory VII 27 Speech of Urban II at the Council of Clermont: Two Accounts 27.1 Account of Fulcher of Chartres 27.2 Account of Robert the Monk 28 Two Letters from Crusaders 28.1 Letter of Anselm of Ribemont to Manasses II, Archbishop of Reims 28.2 Letter from Stephen, Count of Blois, to Adele, His Wife 29 Magna Carta 30 Court Rolls of the Abbots of Ramsey and Battle 30.1 Court Roll of the Abbot of Ramsey for the Manor of Elton 30.2 Court Roll of the Abbot of Battle for the Manor of Brightwaltham 31 Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles 32 Ralph of Shrewsbury, Letter 33 City Officials of Cologne, Letter 34 The Statute of Laborers 35 English Statute of 1363 on Food and Clothing 36 Petrarch, Letters of Familiar Intercourse 36.1 To His Friend Socrates 36.2 To Tomasso da Messina 36.3 To Marcus Tullius Cicero 37 Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince 38 Desiderius Erasmus, Letters 38.1 To Anne of Borselle 38.2 To Jacobus Battus 38.3 To Pope Leo X 38.4 To Lambertus Grunnius 38.5 Lambertus Grunnius to Erasmus 38.6 To Cardinal Wolsey 38.7 To Henry Bullock 39 Martin Luther, Letters 39.1 To George Spalatin 39.2 To Paul Speratus 39.3 To George Spalatin 39.4 To Wolfgang Reissenbusch 39.5 To George Spalatin 40 Articles of the Catholic League 41 Michel de Montaigne, Essays 41.1 On Cannibals 41.2 That It Is Folly to Measure Truth and Error by Our Own Capacity 42 The Code Noir 43 John Locke, Second Treatise of Government 44 Isaac Newton, The Principia 45 Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason Sources Index of Topics