Eckart Frahm is Professor of Assyriology at Yale University, USA. His primary scholarly interest is the political and intellectual history of Assyria and Babylonia during the first millennium bce. Frahm is the author of five books: Einleitung in die Sanherib-Inschriften (1997), Historische und historisch-literarische Texte aus Assur (2009), Neo-Babylonian Letters and Contracts from the Eanna Archive (co-authored with Michael Jursa, 2011), Babylonian and Assyrian Text Commentaries: Origins of Interpretation (2011), and Geschichte des alten Mesopotamien (2013). Together with Enrique Jiménez and Mary Frazer, he is currently working on a project to publish a large number of Mesopotamian commentaries both in print and online.

• Notes on Contributors viiiAcknowledgments xiiiIntroduction1Eckart FrahmPart I Geography and History 111 Physical and Cultural Landscapes of Assyria 13Jason Ur2 “Assyria” in the Third Millennium bce36Lauren Ristvet3 The Old Assyrian Period (20th–18th Century bce)57Klaas R. Veenhof4 Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Old Assyrian Period 80Cécile Michel5 The Transition Period (17th to 15th Century bce)108Shigeo Yamada Copyrighted Material6 The Middle Assyrian Period (14th to 11th Century bce)117Stefan Jakob7 Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Middle Assyrian Period 143Stefan Jakob8 The Neo‐Assyrian Period (ca. 1000–609 bce)161Eckart Frahm9 Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Neo‐Assyrian Period 209Karen Radner10 Post‐Imperial Assyria 229Stefan R. HauserPart II The Fringes of Empire: Assyria and its Neighbors 24711 Assyria and the North: Anatolia 249Andreas Fuchs12 Assyria and the East: Western Iran and Elam 259Andreas Fuchs13 Assyria and the West: Syria and the Levant 268Ariel M. Bagg14 Assyria and the Far West: The Aegean World 275Robert Rollinger15 Assyria and the South: Babylonia 286Eckart Frahm16 Assyria and the Far South: The Arabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf 299Eckart FrahmPart III Elements of Assyrian Civilization 31117 Languages and Writing Systems in Assyria 313Mikko Luukko and Greta Van Buylaere18 Assyrian Religion 336Stefan M. Maul19 Assyrian Literature 359Alasdair Livingstone20 Assyrian Scholarship and Scribal Culture in Ashur 368Nils P. Heeßel21 Assyrian Scholarship and Scribal Culture in Kalḫu and Nineveh 378Jeanette C. Fincke22 Assyrian Legal Traditions 398Frederick Mario Fales23 Assyrian Cities and Architecture 423John M. Russell24 Assyrian Art 453John M. Russell25 Assyrian Technology 511Ariel M. Bagg26 Assyrian Warfare 522Stephanie Dalley27 Thoughts on the Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Kingship 534Mario LiveraniPart IV The Afterlife and Rediscovery of Assyria 54728 Assyria in Late Babylonian Sources 549Paul‐Alain Beaulieu29 Assyria in the Hebrew Bible 556Eckart Frahm30 Assyria in Classical Sources 570Robert Rollinger31 The Archaeological Exploration of Assyria 583Mogens Trolle Larsen32 Assyrian Christians 599Aaron Michael ButtsList of Assyrian Kings 613Eckart FrahmIndex617