Alpaslan Özerdem is Dean of the Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School for Peace and Conflict Resolution and Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at George Mason University. His research focuses on conflict resolution, peacebuilding, post-conflict reconstruction, reintegration of ex-combatants, and Turkish politics. He has more than 25 years of field research experience across a wide range of conflict-affected contexts and has published extensively on peace, security, and development. He is also co-editor of the Edinburgh Studies on Modern Turkey series at Edinburgh University Press. Ahmet Erdi Öztürk is Reader in Politics and International Relations at London Metropolitan University. His research focuses on Turkish politics and foreign policy, religion and global politics, authoritarianism, nationalism, migration, and the politics of the Middle East, Europe and the Balkans. He has published widely on contemporary Turkey, religion and politics, and Turkish foreign policy, and is co-editor of the Edinburgh Studies on Modern Turkey series at Edinburgh University Press.

Amidst a spate of books marking the first hundred years of the Turkish Republic, Alpaslan Özerdem and Ahmet Erdi Öztürk have brought together a uniquely valuable collection of papers covering the widest spectrum of topics – political, ideological, economic, social and cultural - by an impressive collection of distinguished scholars. It should prove an invaluable resource for anyone concerned with the evolution of modern Turkey.

• List of Figures and TablesForeword William HaleIntroductionAlpaslan Özerdem and Ahmet Erdi ÖztürkPart I Founding of the Republic - What Was Envisaged?1 The State and its Constitutions: Constitutional Politics from Empire to the RepublicLevent Köker2 Post-war Reconstruction and Reforms of the 1920s and 1930sIoannis N. Grigoriadis3 The Same-Old New Turkey: The Contours of Turkish Politics from Atatürk to Erdoğan Hakkı TaşPart II Political Ideologies in Turkey4 One Hundred Years of KemalismsKarabekir Akkoyunlu5 Imperious Nationalism in New Turkey: Foreign Policy Discourses in AKP's Electoral ManifestosAyşe Kadıoğlu and Bengi R. Cengiz6 Leftism in TurkeyÖmer Turan7 The Trajectory of Liberalism in Turkey: From the Ottoman Empire to the PresentBican Şahin, Seval Yaman and Belgin TarhanPart III Governance Challenges and Politics8 Democracy in TurkeyE. Fuat Keyman and Cana Tulus Turk9 The Civil–Military Relations in Turkey: Back to Square One Yet Again?Gencer Özcan10 Turkey’s Transformed State IdentityToni Alaranta11 Nothing is Different, but Everything has Changed: Party Politics in Turkey in its CentennialŞebnem Yardımcı Geyikçi and Hakan Yavuzyılmaz12 The Political-Economic History of Modern Turkey: Political Institutions, Economic Dynamics and DemocratisationTaptuk Emre Erkoç13 Human Rights in TurkeyNate Schenkkan14 Secularism and Islam in Turkey: A Century of ContentionAhmet T. Kuru15 The Presidency of Religious Affairs (the Diyanet) and the Organisation of the Secular StateIstar Gozaydın and Ahmet Erdi ÖztürkPart IV Turkey's Conflicts and Protracted Political Fault Lines16 Non-Muslims in Turkey as the ‘Founding Other’Elçin Aktoprak17 Alevis in Turkey: Past, Present and FutureNukhet A. Sandal18 Relations between Turkey and ArmeniaPinar Sayan19 The Kurdish Question: A Century LaterMehmet Gurses20 The Turkish-Kurdish Peace Process: Reasons for Failure and Future ProspectsAlpaslan Özerdem and Bahar BaşerPart V Turkish Foreign Policy 21 A Pragmatic Approach to Turkish Foreign Policy (1923-48)Ayla Göl22 Turkish Foreign Policy during the Cold War: The Cyprus Issue and Other Determining FactorsAhmet Sozen23 The Crisis of Turkish–American RelationsOmer Taspınar24 Turkey’s Relationship with the Soviet Union and RussiaPaul Kubicek25 Greece–Turkey RelationsMustafa Aydin26 The Eastern Mediterranean in Turkish Foreign Policy: From the Defensive to the AssertiveZenonas Tziarras27 The Cyprus Conundrum in Turkish Foreign PolicyCihan Dizdaroğlu28 A Centenary of Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Balkans: Imperial Legacy, Geography and Humanitarian TiesBirgül Demirtaş29 Turkey’s Policy towards Central Asia and the South Caucasus: Expectations, Failures and AchievementsBulent Aras30 Turkey and the Middle East: From Defensive-Pragmatic Engagement to Offensive-Ideological InterventionismSerhun Al31 Turkey and Africa: Once Miles Apart, Now Reliable Allies?Elem Eyrice-Tepeciklioğlu32 Turkish Foreign Policy and the Arab Spring: Opportunities and ChallengesNur Köprülü33 A Curious Love Affair? EU–Turkey Relations Senem Aydın-Düzgit34 Turkey's Seven Decades of Ebb and Flow within NATOSinem Akgül Açıkmeşe and Ali Şevket Ovalı35 Turkey as a Global Aid ActorAlpaslan ÖzerdemPart VI Economy, Development and Environment36 A Century of Agriculture in Turkey: We’ve Come a Long WayFatma Handan Giray37 Urbanisation in TurkeySinan Erensü38 Every Drop Counts: A Centenary of Hydraulic Infrastructure Development in TurkeyArda Bilgen39 Turkey’s Energy Policy: Path Dependency of Carbon Lock-InEmre İşeri40 Social Policy and the Welfare State: From 'Modernisation' to 'De-Europeanisation'Ayşe İdil Aybars41 Environmental Protection versus Economic Development in TurkeySenem Atvur42 Disaster Risk Management in TurkeyBurcak Basbug ErkanPart VII Society and Culture43 Constructing the Youth of the Republic: Youth and Population Challenges in Modern TurkeyDemet Lukuslu44 Development of the Turkish Higher Education System between 1923 and 2023Burhan Barlas45 Turkey’s Civil Society between Repression, Neoliberalisation and Grassroots MobilisationBilge Yabanci46 From Silent to Emphasised Gender and Sexuality in TurkeyNil Mutluer47 Turkey as a Migrant-Sending State: Diaspora Formation, Mobilsation and Engagement Policies since 1923Bahar Baser and Gözde Böcü48 Journalistic Issues through a Century under the Crackdown: From Idealistic Dreams to One-Man ControlCeren Sozeri49 Questioning Century-old Turkish Art through the Polarisation ConceptElif Dasatrlı50 Sports and Politics in TurkeyBasak Zeynep Alpan51 Turkey’s Migration Management RegimesKermal Kirişci and Ayselin Yildiz52 RefugeesZeynep Şahin Mencütek and Bezen Balamir Coşkun53 Revisionist, Resurgent Power, Breaking with the West, Sailing with Eurasianist WindsCengiz ÇandarIndex

Alpaslan Özerdem is Dean of the Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School for Peace and Conflict Resolution and Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at George Mason University. His research focuses on conflict resolution, peacebuilding, post-conflict reconstruction, reintegration of ex-combatants, and Turkish politics. He has more than 25 years of field research experience across a wide range of conflict-affected contexts and has published extensively on peace, security, and development. He is also co-editor of the Edinburgh Studies on Modern Turkey series at Edinburgh University Press. Ahmet Erdi Öztürk is Reader in Politics and International Relations at London Metropolitan University. His research focuses on Turkish politics and foreign policy, religion and global politics, authoritarianism, nationalism, migration, and the politics of the Middle East, Europe and the Balkans. He has published widely on contemporary Turkey, religion and politics, and Turkish foreign policy, and is co-editor of the Edinburgh Studies on Modern Turkey series at Edinburgh University Press.

Amidst a spate of books marking the first hundred years of the Turkish Republic, Alpaslan Özerdem and Ahmet Erdi Öztürk have brought together a uniquely valuable collection of papers covering the widest spectrum of topics – political, ideological, economic, social and cultural - by an impressive collection of distinguished scholars. It should prove an invaluable resource for anyone concerned with the evolution of modern Turkey.

• List of Figures and TablesForeword William HaleIntroductionAlpaslan Özerdem and Ahmet Erdi ÖztürkPart I Founding of the Republic - What Was Envisaged?1 The State and its Constitutions: Constitutional Politics from Empire to the RepublicLevent Köker2 Post-war Reconstruction and Reforms of the 1920s and 1930sIoannis N. Grigoriadis3 The Same-Old New Turkey: The Contours of Turkish Politics from Atatürk to Erdoğan Hakkı TaşPart II Political Ideologies in Turkey4 One Hundred Years of KemalismsKarabekir Akkoyunlu5 Imperious Nationalism in New Turkey: Foreign Policy Discourses in AKP's Electoral ManifestosAyşe Kadıoğlu and Bengi R. Cengiz6 Leftism in TurkeyÖmer Turan7 The Trajectory of Liberalism in Turkey: From the Ottoman Empire to the PresentBican Şahin, Seval Yaman and Belgin TarhanPart III Governance Challenges and Politics8 Democracy in TurkeyE. Fuat Keyman and Cana Tulus Turk9 The Civil–Military Relations in Turkey: Back to Square One Yet Again?Gencer Özcan10 Turkey’s Transformed State IdentityToni Alaranta11 Nothing is Different, but Everything has Changed: Party Politics in Turkey in its CentennialŞebnem Yardımcı Geyikçi and Hakan Yavuzyılmaz12 The Political-Economic History of Modern Turkey: Political Institutions, Economic Dynamics and DemocratisationTaptuk Emre Erkoç13 Human Rights in TurkeyNate Schenkkan14 Secularism and Islam in Turkey: A Century of ContentionAhmet T. Kuru15 The Presidency of Religious Affairs (the Diyanet) and the Organisation of the Secular StateIstar Gozaydın and Ahmet Erdi ÖztürkPart IV Turkey's Conflicts and Protracted Political Fault Lines16 Non-Muslims in Turkey as the ‘Founding Other’Elçin Aktoprak17 Alevis in Turkey: Past, Present and FutureNukhet A. Sandal18 Relations between Turkey and ArmeniaPinar Sayan19 The Kurdish Question: A Century LaterMehmet Gurses20 The Turkish-Kurdish Peace Process: Reasons for Failure and Future ProspectsAlpaslan Özerdem and Bahar BaşerPart V Turkish Foreign Policy 21 A Pragmatic Approach to Turkish Foreign Policy (1923-48)Ayla Göl22 Turkish Foreign Policy during the Cold War: The Cyprus Issue and Other Determining FactorsAhmet Sozen23 The Crisis of Turkish–American RelationsOmer Taspınar24 Turkey’s Relationship with the Soviet Union and RussiaPaul Kubicek25 Greece–Turkey RelationsMustafa Aydin26 The Eastern Mediterranean in Turkish Foreign Policy: From the Defensive to the AssertiveZenonas Tziarras27 The Cyprus Conundrum in Turkish Foreign PolicyCihan Dizdaroğlu28 A Centenary of Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Balkans: Imperial Legacy, Geography and Humanitarian TiesBirgül Demirtaş29 Turkey’s Policy towards Central Asia and the South Caucasus: Expectations, Failures and AchievementsBulent Aras30 Turkey and the Middle East: From Defensive-Pragmatic Engagement to Offensive-Ideological InterventionismSerhun Al31 Turkey and Africa: Once Miles Apart, Now Reliable Allies?Elem Eyrice-Tepeciklioğlu32 Turkish Foreign Policy and the Arab Spring: Opportunities and ChallengesNur Köprülü33 A Curious Love Affair? EU–Turkey Relations Senem Aydın-Düzgit34 Turkey's Seven Decades of Ebb and Flow within NATOSinem Akgül Açıkmeşe and Ali Şevket Ovalı35 Turkey as a Global Aid ActorAlpaslan ÖzerdemPart VI Economy, Development and Environment36 A Century of Agriculture in Turkey: We’ve Come a Long WayFatma Handan Giray37 Urbanisation in TurkeySinan Erensü38 Every Drop Counts: A Centenary of Hydraulic Infrastructure Development in TurkeyArda Bilgen39 Turkey’s Energy Policy: Path Dependency of Carbon Lock-InEmre İşeri40 Social Policy and the Welfare State: From 'Modernisation' to 'De-Europeanisation'Ayşe İdil Aybars41 Environmental Protection versus Economic Development in TurkeySenem Atvur42 Disaster Risk Management in TurkeyBurcak Basbug ErkanPart VII Society and Culture43 Constructing the Youth of the Republic: Youth and Population Challenges in Modern TurkeyDemet Lukuslu44 Development of the Turkish Higher Education System between 1923 and 2023Burhan Barlas45 Turkey’s Civil Society between Repression, Neoliberalisation and Grassroots MobilisationBilge Yabanci46 From Silent to Emphasised Gender and Sexuality in TurkeyNil Mutluer47 Turkey as a Migrant-Sending State: Diaspora Formation, Mobilsation and Engagement Policies since 1923Bahar Baser and Gözde Böcü48 Journalistic Issues through a Century under the Crackdown: From Idealistic Dreams to One-Man ControlCeren Sozeri49 Questioning Century-old Turkish Art through the Polarisation ConceptElif Dasatrlı50 Sports and Politics in TurkeyBasak Zeynep Alpan51 Turkey’s Migration Management RegimesKermal Kirişci and Ayselin Yildiz52 RefugeesZeynep Şahin Mencütek and Bezen Balamir Coşkun53 Revisionist, Resurgent Power, Breaking with the West, Sailing with Eurasianist WindsCengiz ÇandarIndex

Alpaslan Özerdem is Dean of the Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School for Peace and Conflict Resolution and Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at George Mason University. His research focuses on conflict resolution, peacebuilding, post-conflict reconstruction, reintegration of ex-combatants, and Turkish politics. He has more than 25 years of field research experience across a wide range of conflict-affected contexts and has published extensively on peace, security, and development. He is also co-editor of the Edinburgh Studies on Modern Turkey series at Edinburgh University Press. Ahmet Erdi Öztürk is Reader in Politics and International Relations at London Metropolitan University. His research focuses on Turkish politics and foreign policy, religion and global politics, authoritarianism, nationalism, migration, and the politics of the Middle East, Europe and the Balkans. He has published widely on contemporary Turkey, religion and politics, and Turkish foreign policy, and is co-editor of the Edinburgh Studies on Modern Turkey series at Edinburgh University Press.

Amidst a spate of books marking the first hundred years of the Turkish Republic, Alpaslan Özerdem and Ahmet Erdi Öztürk have brought together a uniquely valuable collection of papers covering the widest spectrum of topics – political, ideological, economic, social and cultural - by an impressive collection of distinguished scholars. It should prove an invaluable resource for anyone concerned with the evolution of modern Turkey.

• List of Figures and TablesForeword William HaleIntroductionAlpaslan Özerdem and Ahmet Erdi ÖztürkPart I Founding of the Republic - What Was Envisaged?1 The State and its Constitutions: Constitutional Politics from Empire to the RepublicLevent Köker2 Post-war Reconstruction and Reforms of the 1920s and 1930sIoannis N. Grigoriadis3 The Same-Old New Turkey: The Contours of Turkish Politics from Atatürk to Erdoğan Hakkı TaşPart II Political Ideologies in Turkey4 One Hundred Years of KemalismsKarabekir Akkoyunlu5 Imperious Nationalism in New Turkey: Foreign Policy Discourses in AKP's Electoral ManifestosAyşe Kadıoğlu and Bengi R. Cengiz6 Leftism in TurkeyÖmer Turan7 The Trajectory of Liberalism in Turkey: From the Ottoman Empire to the PresentBican Şahin, Seval Yaman and Belgin TarhanPart III Governance Challenges and Politics8 Democracy in TurkeyE. Fuat Keyman and Cana Tulus Turk9 The Civil–Military Relations in Turkey: Back to Square One Yet Again?Gencer Özcan10 Turkey’s Transformed State IdentityToni Alaranta11 Nothing is Different, but Everything has Changed: Party Politics in Turkey in its CentennialŞebnem Yardımcı Geyikçi and Hakan Yavuzyılmaz12 The Political-Economic History of Modern Turkey: Political Institutions, Economic Dynamics and DemocratisationTaptuk Emre Erkoç13 Human Rights in TurkeyNate Schenkkan14 Secularism and Islam in Turkey: A Century of ContentionAhmet T. Kuru15 The Presidency of Religious Affairs (the Diyanet) and the Organisation of the Secular StateIstar Gozaydın and Ahmet Erdi ÖztürkPart IV Turkey's Conflicts and Protracted Political Fault Lines16 Non-Muslims in Turkey as the ‘Founding Other’Elçin Aktoprak17 Alevis in Turkey: Past, Present and FutureNukhet A. Sandal18 Relations between Turkey and ArmeniaPinar Sayan19 The Kurdish Question: A Century LaterMehmet Gurses20 The Turkish-Kurdish Peace Process: Reasons for Failure and Future ProspectsAlpaslan Özerdem and Bahar BaşerPart V Turkish Foreign Policy 21 A Pragmatic Approach to Turkish Foreign Policy (1923-48)Ayla Göl22 Turkish Foreign Policy during the Cold War: The Cyprus Issue and Other Determining FactorsAhmet Sozen23 The Crisis of Turkish–American RelationsOmer Taspınar24 Turkey’s Relationship with the Soviet Union and RussiaPaul Kubicek25 Greece–Turkey RelationsMustafa Aydin26 The Eastern Mediterranean in Turkish Foreign Policy: From the Defensive to the AssertiveZenonas Tziarras27 The Cyprus Conundrum in Turkish Foreign PolicyCihan Dizdaroğlu28 A Centenary of Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Balkans: Imperial Legacy, Geography and Humanitarian TiesBirgül Demirtaş29 Turkey’s Policy towards Central Asia and the South Caucasus: Expectations, Failures and AchievementsBulent Aras30 Turkey and the Middle East: From Defensive-Pragmatic Engagement to Offensive-Ideological InterventionismSerhun Al31 Turkey and Africa: Once Miles Apart, Now Reliable Allies?Elem Eyrice-Tepeciklioğlu32 Turkish Foreign Policy and the Arab Spring: Opportunities and ChallengesNur Köprülü33 A Curious Love Affair? EU–Turkey Relations Senem Aydın-Düzgit34 Turkey's Seven Decades of Ebb and Flow within NATOSinem Akgül Açıkmeşe and Ali Şevket Ovalı35 Turkey as a Global Aid ActorAlpaslan ÖzerdemPart VI Economy, Development and Environment36 A Century of Agriculture in Turkey: We’ve Come a Long WayFatma Handan Giray37 Urbanisation in TurkeySinan Erensü38 Every Drop Counts: A Centenary of Hydraulic Infrastructure Development in TurkeyArda Bilgen39 Turkey’s Energy Policy: Path Dependency of Carbon Lock-InEmre İşeri40 Social Policy and the Welfare State: From 'Modernisation' to 'De-Europeanisation'Ayşe İdil Aybars41 Environmental Protection versus Economic Development in TurkeySenem Atvur42 Disaster Risk Management in TurkeyBurcak Basbug ErkanPart VII Society and Culture43 Constructing the Youth of the Republic: Youth and Population Challenges in Modern TurkeyDemet Lukuslu44 Development of the Turkish Higher Education System between 1923 and 2023Burhan Barlas45 Turkey’s Civil Society between Repression, Neoliberalisation and Grassroots MobilisationBilge Yabanci46 From Silent to Emphasised Gender and Sexuality in TurkeyNil Mutluer47 Turkey as a Migrant-Sending State: Diaspora Formation, Mobilsation and Engagement Policies since 1923Bahar Baser and Gözde Böcü48 Journalistic Issues through a Century under the Crackdown: From Idealistic Dreams to One-Man ControlCeren Sozeri49 Questioning Century-old Turkish Art through the Polarisation ConceptElif Dasatrlı50 Sports and Politics in TurkeyBasak Zeynep Alpan51 Turkey’s Migration Management RegimesKermal Kirişci and Ayselin Yildiz52 RefugeesZeynep Şahin Mencütek and Bezen Balamir Coşkun53 Revisionist, Resurgent Power, Breaking with the West, Sailing with Eurasianist WindsCengiz ÇandarIndex