This resource manual for college-level science instructors reevaluates the role of testing in their curricula and describes innovative techniques pioneered by other teachers. part I examines the effects of the following on lower-division courses: changes in exam content, format, and environment; revisions in grading practices; student response; colleague reaction'' the sharing of new practices with other interested professionals, and more. The book includes a comprehensive introduction, faculty-composed narratives, commentaries by well-known science educators, and a visual index to 100 more refined innovations.