Ending Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery

Annalisa Enrile, MSW, Ph.D. ,is one of the few Filipina Ph.D.s in social work, having chosen the field as a way to bring to light important social issues in the Filipino-American community, the fastest-growing Asian immigrant population in the United States. She frequently speaks out against sex trafficking, anti-militarization and exploitative migrant labor. A voice for equity, human rights, and global justice, Annalisa has been recognized as one of the 100 Most Influential Filipinas in the World (FWN Global 100) for her efforts to stop violence against women. She has worked with students, communities and academic partners to create social change and impact through innovation and collaboration. Annalisa is a Clinical Associate Professor at the USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work.  She teaches human behavior, management, social innovation, social change, global violence against women, and international social work.  Annalisa develops curriculum and creates unique learning experiences and opportunities for students at the undergraduate and MSW level.  She leads one of the school’s original global immersion programs to the Philippines and Europe, in the areas of diversity, human rights, gender violence, trafficking, and change.  Annalisa also coordinates the school’s Doctorate in Social Work (DSW) Residency program.  Annalisa is active in community organizations, including serving on several anti-trafficking task forces, and is on the board of the Mariposa Center for Change, an organization that serves women and children of color. She consults with organizations such as the Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking (CAST), Covenant House, Inc., YWCA Greater Los Angeles, and Search to Involve Pilipino Americans (SIPA).  She practices international social work, having been an activist and advocate for vulnerable populations around the world since 1993.  Annalisa would like to personally thank her family for all of their support and her kasamas who taught her what it means to fight for women’s genuine liberation, modeled how to stand in your truth, and remind her every day just what is at stake if we do not struggle.

"This excellent text offers a meaningful contribution to knowledge on the pressing issue of human slavery.  Its use of a systems perspective coupled with an emphasis on advocacy represents an ideal combination of scholarship and practice vital to any examination — and response — to human trafficking."

• About the AuthorAbout the ContributorsAcknowledgmentsPrefacePART 1 HISTORICAL CONTEXTS, DEFINITIONS, AND ROOT CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND MODERN-DAY SLAVERY1 Introduction and History of Human Trafficking and Modern-Day SlaveryChapter ObjectivesHistory of SlaveryDefining TraffickingSex TraffickingUnderstanding Sex WorkLabor TraffickingConceptual Approaches to Human TraffickingScope of the IssueTrafficking in Persons (TIP) ReportAlternatives to the TIP ReportCall to Action: A Multitude of LensesDiscussion QuestionsChallenge2 The Law of Supply and Demand: The Business of TraffickingChapter ObjectivesDemand DynamicsSupply SideBeyond Supply and DemandCall to Action: Changing the Business ModelDiscussion QuestionsChallenge3 Social Determinants of Human Trafficking and Modern-Day SlaveryChapter ObjectivesSocial DeterminantsPovertyMilitarizationWorld War II Sex Slaves (“Comfort Women”)Case Vignette: ChienCorruptionFemale GenderRace and EthnicityCultureCaste and ClassCall to Action: Ending Trafficking by Targeting Social DeterminantsDiscussion QuestionsChallengePART 2 CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS4 Trauma-Informed CareChapter ObjectivesIntroductionDefining TraumaComplex TraumaNeurobiology and TraumaImpact of Trauma-Informed CareTrauma-Informed Care and TraffickingPrinciples to Guide PracticeImplementing Trauma-Informed CareTrauma-Informed Practice Example: Seeking SafetyMeditation and MindfulnessComplex CaseCall to Action: Strengths-Based and Trauma-InformedDiscussion QuestionsChallenge5 Case ManagementChapter ObjectivesIntroductionDefining Case ManagementImplementing Case ManagementResources for Case ManagersEffective ApproachesChallengesComplex CaseCall to Action: Coordination, Communication, Case ManagementDiscussion QuestionsChallenge6 Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral TherapyChapter ObjectivesDefining Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral TherapyImplementing Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral TherapyPTSD: Common Diagnosis with Victims of TraffickingCurrent Issues with Cognitive Behavioral TherapyComplex CaseCall to Action: Reframe and RethinkDiscussion QuestionsChallenge7 Survivor Advocate ModelChapter ObjectivesIntroductionPimp AppropriationSurvivor Advocate ModelExamples of Survivor Advocate Models12 BeliefsChallengesComplex CaseCall to Action: No Justice, No PeaceDiscussion QuestionsChallenge8 Interventions for Commercially Sexually Exploited Children (CSEC)Chapter ObjectivesIntroductionOverview of CSECThe Language of CSECScreening for CSECWidely Used CSEC InterventionsGlobal Child TraffickingCase Vignette: AmberCall to Action: One Child Is One Child Too ManyDiscussion QuestionsChallengePART 3 POLICY INTERVENTIONS9 Landmark Policies in Trafficking and Modern-Day SlaveryChapter ObjectivesIntroductionThe United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime: The Palermo ProtocolsUnited States: Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000Highlight: Kids in Need of Defense (KIND)Additional LegislationSafe Harbor LawsAnti-trafficking Laws: A Global ViewOrganizational Highlight: Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking (CAST)Case Vignette: CristelaCall to Action: Create and Enforce Anti-trafficking Policy WorldwideDiscussion QuestionsChallenge10 Supply Chain TransparencyChapter ObjectivesIntroduction: Labor Trafficking OverviewThe Ghost FleetUnderstanding the Supply ChainLaws Around Supply Chain TransparencyCase Study: Brazil, a National Pact for the Eradication of Slave LaborThe Road to TransparencyHighlight: H2B Visas and MigrationCalifornia Transparency in Supply Chains Act (CA–TISC)Highlight: Alliance to Stop Slavery and End Trafficking (ASSET)Modern Slavery Act–UKFederal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) (Executive Order 13,627) and the Trade Facilitation Enforcement Act of 2015 (H.R. 644)ChallengesBest PracticesCase Vignette: EdwardCall to Action: Transparency to FreedomDiscussion QuestionsChallengePART 4 ADVOCACY, ACTIVISM, AND INNOVATIONS11 Grassroots’ Advocacy and ActivismChapter ObjectivesIntroduction(Human) Rights-Based ApproachAdvocacy and ActivismHighlight: UN WomenFeminist Movement BuildingHighlight: Coalition Against Trafficking WomenGrassroots InitiativesForging Institutional PartnershipsDeveloping Public and Institutional Support Through Research and AdvocacyOverall Insights: From the Local to the Global PerspectiveChallengesCall to Action: Advocacy and Activism to End Trafficking and Modern-Day SlaveryDiscussion QuestionsChallenge12 Faith-Based OrganizationsChapter ObjectivesIntroductionFaith-Based ServicesFaith-Based Abolitionist MovementsHighlight: Hookers for Jesus (Domestic Organizational Highlight)Faith-Based Services, Programs, and ProjectsHighlight: Wellspring InternationalChallengesCase Vignette: Fellowship MonroviaCall to Action: Be the LightDiscussion QuestionsChallenge13 PreventionChapter ObjectivesIntroductionEcosystems LensAddressing Root CausesExamples of Best PracticesAdequate TrainingCorporate Social Responsibility and Supply Chain ManagementChallengesCall to Action: Address “Complete Range of Vulnerabilities” for Effective PreventionDiscussion QuestionsChallenge14 Social Innovations in Human Trafficking: Solutions to a Wicked ProblemChapter ObjectivesIntroductionWicked ProblemsGrowing Innovation in the Anti-trafficking MovementBest Practices in Social InnovationHighlight: LaborVoicesHighlight: TraffickcamChallengesCase Vignette: The Mariposa CenterCall to Action: Impact and Disruption as The Road to Ending TraffickingGuiding Questions for Social LabsChallenge15 Ending Trafficking and Modern-Day SlaveryChapter ObjectivesWhat We Have Learned So FarEvolving TrendsChanging Role of Survivor Advocates and/or ActivistsCase Vignette: Women’s Rights DefendersCall to Action: End Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery Now!Survivor Statements: In Our Own Words . . .Discussion QuestionsChallengeGlossaryReferencesIndex