Iron Ore

Dr Liming Lu is currently a Senior Principal Scientist leading CSIRO research and development in iron ore agglomeration and high temperature behaviour of resultant agglomerates during the blast furnace and other alternative ironmaking processes. Liming has more than 28 years R and D experience in the characterisation, processing and evaluation of iron ores, metallurgical coals and molten alloys. He has published 10 book chapters and more than 130 papers including 6 invited review. He is a Technical Expert of ISO Technical Committee TC102/SC3, which is reviewing and developing international standards for the physical testing of iron ore. Liming has served as a Key Reader for Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, a member of the Editorial Board for Ironmaking and Steelmaking and a member of the Advisory Board of ISIJ International. Liming was the recipient of Josef S Kapitan Award from American Iron and Steel Society in 2003 and Sawamura Award from the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan in 2018. He was appointed as an Adjunct Professor by Central South University, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Liaoning University of Science and Technology and Shanghai University in China.

• List of ContributorsPreface1: Introduction: overview of the global iron ore industry Abstract1.1 Introduction1.2 Iron ore mining operations by country1.3 Technology status and challenges1.4 Iron ore outlookPart One: Characterization and analysis of iron ore 2: Mineralogical, chemical, and physical characteristics of iron ore Abstract2.1 Introduction2.2 Mineralogy2.3 Chemical composition2.4 Physical properties2.5 Future trends3: XRD analysis and evaluation of iron ores and sinters Abstract3.1 Introduction3.2 Principles of powder X-ray diffraction3.3 Rietveld analysis3.4 Sources of error in XRD analysis3.5 Applications of cluster analysis3.6 Applicability of XRD analysis3.7 Use of mass balancing in iron ore analysis3.8 The principal minerals and phases3.9 XRD for the characterization of Iron ores3.10 XRD in sintering and pelletizing3.11 Summary and conclusions4: Automated optical image analysis of natural and sintered iron ore Abstract4.1 Introduction: Overview of optical image analysis technique4.2 Mineralogical characteristics of iron ore and sinter4.3 Automated optical image analysis (OIA)4.4 Application of automated OIA to natural and sintered iron ore5: Quantitative analysis of iron ore using SEM-based technologies Abstract5.1 Introduction5.2 Principles of SEM-based technologies5.3 Application of automated SEM-based technologies to ore characterization5.4 Characterization of natural and sintered iron ore using QEMSCAN5.5 Summary5.6 Future trends6: Characterization of iron ore by visible and infrared reflectance and, Raman spectroscopies Abstract6.1 Introduction6.2 Principles of reflectance and Raman spectroscopies6.3 Technologies6.4 Reflectance and Raman spectroscopies of iron ore minerals6.5 Future trendsPart Two: Extraction, comminution, separation, and beneficiation of iron ore 7: Iron ore extraction techniques Abstract7.1 Introduction7.2 Iron ore mining—an historical UK context7.3 Underground iron ore mining: Kiruna, Sweden7.4 Modern-day surface mining: the Pilbara deposit7.5 Modern day surface mining: iron ore in Minas Gerais Province, Brazil7.6 Conclusions8: Developments in iron ore comminution and classification technologies Abstract8.1 Introduction8.2 Iron ore crushing and screening8.3 Iron ore grinding and classification8.4 Future trends in iron ore comminution and classification9: Developments in the physical separation of iron ore: magnetic separation Abstract9.1 Introduction9.2 Principle of magnetic separation9.3 Magnetic separators9.4 Typical flow sheets for iron ore separation9.5 Challenges and recent advances in magnetic separation9.6 Summary10: Developments in nonmagnetic physical separation technologies for hematitic/goethitic iron ore Abstract10.1 Physical processing for enhanced chemical and/or physical properties10.2 Dense medium separation10.3 Jigging10.4 Upflow classification10.5 Spiraling for iron ore beneficiation11: Developments in the physiochemical separation of iron ore Abstract11.1 Introduction11.2 Mineral properties11.3 Iron ore flotation11.4 Key challenges and future directions12: Developments in chemical separation of iron ore Abstract12.1 Introduction12.2 Phosphorus removal12.3 Removal of silicon, aluminum, and sulfur minerals12.4 Summary and future trends13: Application of biotechnology in iron ore beneficiation AbstractAcknowledgments13.1 Introduction13.2 Microbial adhesion to mineral surfaces13.3 Bioleaching for phosphorus removal from iron ores13.4 Biobeneficiation of sulfide ores13.5 Biobeneficiation of iron ore13.6 Future trendsPart Three: Iron ore agglomeration processes and blast furnace iron-making technology 14: Iron ore sintering AbstractAcknowledgments14.1 Introduction14.2 Effect of iron ore characteristics on sintering14.3 Evaluation of iron ore for the sintering process14.4 Recent developments in iron ore sintering14.5 Conclusions15: Iron ore pelletization Abstract15.1 Introduction15.2 Specification requirements of pellet feed15.3 Green ball formation and properties15.4 Induration of green pellets15.5 Quality requirements for fired pellets15.6 Conclusions16: Quality requirements of iron ore for iron production AbstractAcknowledgments16.1 Introduction to ironmaking technologies16.2 Quality requirements of iron ore for the BF ironmaking process16.3 Quality requirements of iron ore for alternative ironmaking processes16.4 Summary17: Recent developments in blast furnace iron-making technology Abstract17.1 Introduction17.2 Blast furnace design and facilities17.3 Blast furnace process17.4 Key innovations and future trendsPart Four: Environmental issues and low emission technologies 18: Sintering emissions and their mitigation technologies Abstract18.1 Introduction18.2 CO2 emissions and their mitigation18.3 SOx emissions and their mitigation18.4 NOx emissions and their mitigation technologies18.5 Dioxin emissions and their mitigation18.6 Dust emissions and their reduction18.7 Utilization of biomass materials in iron ore sintering18.8 Conclusions19: Utilization of biomass as an alternative fuel in ironmaking Abstract19.1 Introduction19.2 Potential applications of biomass-derived materials and impact on net GHG emissions19.3 Physical and chemical properties of biomass-derived chars to optimize ironmaking operations19.4 Economic sources of biomass fuel19.5 Pyrolysis of biomass for ironmaking applications19.6 Applications in ironmaking19.7 Future trends19.8 Sources of further information and advice20: Life cycle assessment of iron ore mining and processing Abstract20.1 Introduction20.2 Iron ore mining and processing20.3 Application of LCA to iron ore mining and processing20.4 Using LCA to reduce energy and GHG impacts20.5 Conclusions20.6 Sources of further information and adviceIndex