Helen Strudwick is an Egyptologist who works for Cambridge University and takes part in British Museum excavations in Egypt.

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• 10 History 12 Egypt, Gift of the Nile 16 Egypt before the Pharaohs 20 The ‘Zero’ Dynasty 22 King Narmer, The First Pharaoh? 24 The Thinite Period (The Early Dynastic Period) 28 The Old Kingdom 32 Pharaoh Djoser 34 Khufu- Builder of The Great Pyramid 36 The Time of Pepy I 38 First Intermediate Period 42 Herakleopolis 44 Nubia and Egypt 46 Fortresses in the South 48 The Middle Kingdom 52 Pharaoh Mentuhotep 2 54 Senusret1- Man of Character 56 Senusret III 60 Amenemhat III 62 The Hyksos 64 Second Intermediate Period 68 The New Kingdom 70 Of Workmen and Tomb Robbers 72 Thutmose 1 74 Thutmose 3 76 Hatshepsut, the Pharaoh Queen 78 Amenhotep III 80 Akhenaten’s Religious Reforms 84 Nefertiti- power and beauty 86 Tutankhamun, the boy King 88 Horemheb 90 Sety I 94 Rameses the Great 96 The battle of Qadesh 98 Sea Peoples 100 The Priest Kings 102 Libyans on the Throne 104 Taharqo, Nubian Pharaoh 106 The Persians in Egypt 108 Psamtek 1 110 Alexander as Pharaoh 112 Cleopatra- the Last Queen 114 Religion 116 The Gods of Egypt 122 The Sun Cult 126 Amun, King of the Gods 130 Osiris- God of the Afterlife 134 The Goddess Isis 138 Seth and Nephthys 142 Horus, God of the Sky 144 Hathor, Goddess of Love 148 Sekhmet: Goddess of Destruction 150 Neith, Goddess of Sais 152 Bastet- the Cat Goddess 154 Min, God of Fertility 156 The Lesser Deities 160 Foreign Gods on the Nile 164 The Creation Myth of Hermopolis 168 The sacred Apis Bull 170 The Animal Necropolises 174 Horus, the King's Protector 178 The Sed Festival 182 The Opet Festival 186 Priests, Servants of the Gods 190 God's Wife of Amun 192 Life After Death 196 The Ka, the Ba and the Akh 198 Embalming the body 202 Canopic Jars 204 Food for the Afterlife 208 The Funeral Cortege 212 The Opening of the Mouth Ceremony 216 The Weighing of the Heart 220 Art 222 Art in Ancient Egypt 224 Painters and Paintings 226 Relief-carving Techniques 232 Stelae, Books of Stone 238 Royal Statues 242 Coffins and Sarcophagi 248 The Magic of Jewels 250 Ceramics 256 Funerary Masks 260 Furniture for the Afterlife 264 Rahotep and Nofret 266 Building the Pyramids 272 The Sphinx 278 The Triad Statues of Menkaure 280 The Statue of Ka-aper 282 Seneb and his Family 284 The Temples of Deir el Bahri 290 Thebes, ‘City of 100 Gates’ 296 The Valley of the Kings 298 The Settlement of Deir el-Medina 304 The Tomb of Nakht 308 The Colossi of Memnon 312 The Temple at Luxor 318 The Art of Akhenaten 322 Tell el-Amarna 324 The Mask of Tutankhamun 326 The Tombs of Horemheb 332 The Monuments of Rameses 2 338 The Temples of Abu Simbel 342 Nefertari’s Tomb 346 The Temple of Khons in Karnak 350 Alexandria, the Royal Dream 356 The Fayum Portraits 362 Everyday Life 364 Childhood in Ancient Egypt 368 Children’s Education 372 Marriage 376 Ancient Egyptian Houses 380 Town and City Life 384 Egyptian Society 388 Divine and Worldly Law 392 The Role of Women 396 Clothes and Fashion 400 Cosmetics and Perfumes 404 Hygiene and Body Care 408 goldsmiths and Jewellers 410 Civil Servants 414 Workers and Patrons 416 Fruits of the Soil 420 Keeping and Breeding Animals 424 The Slaughter of Animals 428 Vines and Wine 432 The Brewing of Beer 436 The Hunt 440 Music in Egyptian Life 442 Life in the Oases 446 The War Chariot 452 The Nilometer 456 Egyptian Astronomy 460 Mathematics and Measurement 464 Ancient Egyptian Numbers 466 Applied Physics 470 The Egyptian Calendar 474 Measuring Time 476 Medicine 480 Textile Production 484 Boats in Ancient Egypt 488 Weapons 492 Metalworking 496 Mining and Quarrying 502 The Rosetta Stone 504 Reading Hieroglyphs 506 Hieroglyphs from Life 510 The Egyptian Alphabet 514 Hieratic Writing 518 Coptic, the Script of the Christians 522 Writing Materials 526 Making Papyrus 530 Temple Inscriptions 534 Coffin Texts 538 Administrative Papyri 540 Index

Helen Strudwick is an Egyptologist who works for Cambridge University and takes part in British Museum excavations in Egypt.

Select Guide Rating

• 10 History 12 Egypt, Gift of the Nile 16 Egypt before the Pharaohs 20 The ‘Zero’ Dynasty 22 King Narmer, The First Pharaoh? 24 The Thinite Period (The Early Dynastic Period) 28 The Old Kingdom 32 Pharaoh Djoser 34 Khufu- Builder of The Great Pyramid 36 The Time of Pepy I 38 First Intermediate Period 42 Herakleopolis 44 Nubia and Egypt 46 Fortresses in the South 48 The Middle Kingdom 52 Pharaoh Mentuhotep 2 54 Senusret1- Man of Character 56 Senusret III 60 Amenemhat III 62 The Hyksos 64 Second Intermediate Period 68 The New Kingdom 70 Of Workmen and Tomb Robbers 72 Thutmose 1 74 Thutmose 3 76 Hatshepsut, the Pharaoh Queen 78 Amenhotep III 80 Akhenaten’s Religious Reforms 84 Nefertiti- power and beauty 86 Tutankhamun, the boy King 88 Horemheb 90 Sety I 94 Rameses the Great 96 The battle of Qadesh 98 Sea Peoples 100 The Priest Kings 102 Libyans on the Throne 104 Taharqo, Nubian Pharaoh 106 The Persians in Egypt 108 Psamtek 1 110 Alexander as Pharaoh 112 Cleopatra- the Last Queen 114 Religion 116 The Gods of Egypt 122 The Sun Cult 126 Amun, King of the Gods 130 Osiris- God of the Afterlife 134 The Goddess Isis 138 Seth and Nephthys 142 Horus, God of the Sky 144 Hathor, Goddess of Love 148 Sekhmet: Goddess of Destruction 150 Neith, Goddess of Sais 152 Bastet- the Cat Goddess 154 Min, God of Fertility 156 The Lesser Deities 160 Foreign Gods on the Nile 164 The Creation Myth of Hermopolis 168 The sacred Apis Bull 170 The Animal Necropolises 174 Horus, the King's Protector 178 The Sed Festival 182 The Opet Festival 186 Priests, Servants of the Gods 190 God's Wife of Amun 192 Life After Death 196 The Ka, the Ba and the Akh 198 Embalming the body 202 Canopic Jars 204 Food for the Afterlife 208 The Funeral Cortege 212 The Opening of the Mouth Ceremony 216 The Weighing of the Heart 220 Art 222 Art in Ancient Egypt 224 Painters and Paintings 226 Relief-carving Techniques 232 Stelae, Books of Stone 238 Royal Statues 242 Coffins and Sarcophagi 248 The Magic of Jewels 250 Ceramics 256 Funerary Masks 260 Furniture for the Afterlife 264 Rahotep and Nofret 266 Building the Pyramids 272 The Sphinx 278 The Triad Statues of Menkaure 280 The Statue of Ka-aper 282 Seneb and his Family 284 The Temples of Deir el Bahri 290 Thebes, ‘City of 100 Gates’ 296 The Valley of the Kings 298 The Settlement of Deir el-Medina 304 The Tomb of Nakht 308 The Colossi of Memnon 312 The Temple at Luxor 318 The Art of Akhenaten 322 Tell el-Amarna 324 The Mask of Tutankhamun 326 The Tombs of Horemheb 332 The Monuments of Rameses 2 338 The Temples of Abu Simbel 342 Nefertari’s Tomb 346 The Temple of Khons in Karnak 350 Alexandria, the Royal Dream 356 The Fayum Portraits 362 Everyday Life 364 Childhood in Ancient Egypt 368 Children’s Education 372 Marriage 376 Ancient Egyptian Houses 380 Town and City Life 384 Egyptian Society 388 Divine and Worldly Law 392 The Role of Women 396 Clothes and Fashion 400 Cosmetics and Perfumes 404 Hygiene and Body Care 408 goldsmiths and Jewellers 410 Civil Servants 414 Workers and Patrons 416 Fruits of the Soil 420 Keeping and Breeding Animals 424 The Slaughter of Animals 428 Vines and Wine 432 The Brewing of Beer 436 The Hunt 440 Music in Egyptian Life 442 Life in the Oases 446 The War Chariot 452 The Nilometer 456 Egyptian Astronomy 460 Mathematics and Measurement 464 Ancient Egyptian Numbers 466 Applied Physics 470 The Egyptian Calendar 474 Measuring Time 476 Medicine 480 Textile Production 484 Boats in Ancient Egypt 488 Weapons 492 Metalworking 496 Mining and Quarrying 502 The Rosetta Stone 504 Reading Hieroglyphs 506 Hieroglyphs from Life 510 The Egyptian Alphabet 514 Hieratic Writing 518 Coptic, the Script of the Christians 522 Writing Materials 526 Making Papyrus 530 Temple Inscriptions 534 Coffin Texts 538 Administrative Papyri 540 Index

Helen Strudwick is an Egyptologist who works for Cambridge University and takes part in British Museum excavations in Egypt.

Select Guide Rating

• 10 History 12 Egypt, Gift of the Nile 16 Egypt before the Pharaohs 20 The ‘Zero’ Dynasty 22 King Narmer, The First Pharaoh? 24 The Thinite Period (The Early Dynastic Period) 28 The Old Kingdom 32 Pharaoh Djoser 34 Khufu- Builder of The Great Pyramid 36 The Time of Pepy I 38 First Intermediate Period 42 Herakleopolis 44 Nubia and Egypt 46 Fortresses in the South 48 The Middle Kingdom 52 Pharaoh Mentuhotep 2 54 Senusret1- Man of Character 56 Senusret III 60 Amenemhat III 62 The Hyksos 64 Second Intermediate Period 68 The New Kingdom 70 Of Workmen and Tomb Robbers 72 Thutmose 1 74 Thutmose 3 76 Hatshepsut, the Pharaoh Queen 78 Amenhotep III 80 Akhenaten’s Religious Reforms 84 Nefertiti- power and beauty 86 Tutankhamun, the boy King 88 Horemheb 90 Sety I 94 Rameses the Great 96 The battle of Qadesh 98 Sea Peoples 100 The Priest Kings 102 Libyans on the Throne 104 Taharqo, Nubian Pharaoh 106 The Persians in Egypt 108 Psamtek 1 110 Alexander as Pharaoh 112 Cleopatra- the Last Queen 114 Religion 116 The Gods of Egypt 122 The Sun Cult 126 Amun, King of the Gods 130 Osiris- God of the Afterlife 134 The Goddess Isis 138 Seth and Nephthys 142 Horus, God of the Sky 144 Hathor, Goddess of Love 148 Sekhmet: Goddess of Destruction 150 Neith, Goddess of Sais 152 Bastet- the Cat Goddess 154 Min, God of Fertility 156 The Lesser Deities 160 Foreign Gods on the Nile 164 The Creation Myth of Hermopolis 168 The sacred Apis Bull 170 The Animal Necropolises 174 Horus, the King's Protector 178 The Sed Festival 182 The Opet Festival 186 Priests, Servants of the Gods 190 God's Wife of Amun 192 Life After Death 196 The Ka, the Ba and the Akh 198 Embalming the body 202 Canopic Jars 204 Food for the Afterlife 208 The Funeral Cortege 212 The Opening of the Mouth Ceremony 216 The Weighing of the Heart 220 Art 222 Art in Ancient Egypt 224 Painters and Paintings 226 Relief-carving Techniques 232 Stelae, Books of Stone 238 Royal Statues 242 Coffins and Sarcophagi 248 The Magic of Jewels 250 Ceramics 256 Funerary Masks 260 Furniture for the Afterlife 264 Rahotep and Nofret 266 Building the Pyramids 272 The Sphinx 278 The Triad Statues of Menkaure 280 The Statue of Ka-aper 282 Seneb and his Family 284 The Temples of Deir el Bahri 290 Thebes, ‘City of 100 Gates’ 296 The Valley of the Kings 298 The Settlement of Deir el-Medina 304 The Tomb of Nakht 308 The Colossi of Memnon 312 The Temple at Luxor 318 The Art of Akhenaten 322 Tell el-Amarna 324 The Mask of Tutankhamun 326 The Tombs of Horemheb 332 The Monuments of Rameses 2 338 The Temples of Abu Simbel 342 Nefertari’s Tomb 346 The Temple of Khons in Karnak 350 Alexandria, the Royal Dream 356 The Fayum Portraits 362 Everyday Life 364 Childhood in Ancient Egypt 368 Children’s Education 372 Marriage 376 Ancient Egyptian Houses 380 Town and City Life 384 Egyptian Society 388 Divine and Worldly Law 392 The Role of Women 396 Clothes and Fashion 400 Cosmetics and Perfumes 404 Hygiene and Body Care 408 goldsmiths and Jewellers 410 Civil Servants 414 Workers and Patrons 416 Fruits of the Soil 420 Keeping and Breeding Animals 424 The Slaughter of Animals 428 Vines and Wine 432 The Brewing of Beer 436 The Hunt 440 Music in Egyptian Life 442 Life in the Oases 446 The War Chariot 452 The Nilometer 456 Egyptian Astronomy 460 Mathematics and Measurement 464 Ancient Egyptian Numbers 466 Applied Physics 470 The Egyptian Calendar 474 Measuring Time 476 Medicine 480 Textile Production 484 Boats in Ancient Egypt 488 Weapons 492 Metalworking 496 Mining and Quarrying 502 The Rosetta Stone 504 Reading Hieroglyphs 506 Hieroglyphs from Life 510 The Egyptian Alphabet 514 Hieratic Writing 518 Coptic, the Script of the Christians 522 Writing Materials 526 Making Papyrus 530 Temple Inscriptions 534 Coffin Texts 538 Administrative Papyri 540 Index