Environmental and Energy Law

Edited by Jorge E. Viñuales Harold Samuel Professor of Law and Environmental Policy, University of Cambridge and Emma Lees, University Lecturer in Environmental and Property Law and Deputy Director, Cambridge Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance (C-EENRG), University of Cambridge, UK

• Contents:Volume IEnvironmental and Energy Law as a Field of Research: A Structural OverviewJorge E. Viñuales and Emma LeesPART IHISTORY, PRINCIPLES, SOURCES AND PROSPECTS 1. Jorge E. Viñuales (2015), ‘The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: Preliminary Study’ in J. E. Viñuales (ed.), The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. A Commentary, Chapter 1, New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, 1–642. Edith Brown Weiss (1984), ‘The Planetary Trust: Conservation and Intergenerational Equity’, Ecology Law Quarterly, 11 (4), March, 495–5813. Pierre-Marie Dupuy (2007), ‘Formation of Customary International Law and General Principles', in Daniel Bodansky, Jutta Brunnée and Ellen Hey (eds.), Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law, Chapter 19, New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, 449–664. Arie Trouwborst (2007), ‘The Precautionary Principles in General International Law: Combating the Babylonian Confusion’, Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law, 16 (2), July, 185–955. Jutta Brunnée (2002), ‘COPing with Consent: Law-Making Under Multilateral Environmental Agreements’, Leiden Journal of International Law, 15 (1), March, 1–526. Adrian J. Bradbrook (1996), ‘Energy Law as an Academic Discipline’, Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law, 14 (2), May 193–2177. Francesco Francioni (2012), ‘Realism, Utopia and the Future of International Environment Law’, in Antonio Cassese (ed.), Realizing Utopia: The Future of International Law, Chapter 34, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 442–60PART II SUBSTANTIVE REGULATION A Hydrosphere: Oceans, Seas and Freshwater8. Catherine Redgwell (2006), ‘From Permission to Probition: the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea and Protection of the Marine Environment’, in David Freestone, Richard Barnes and David Ong (eds), The Law of the Sea: Progress and Prospects, Chapter 10, New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, 180–919. Laurence Boisson de Chazournes (2009), ‘Freshwater and International Law: The Interplay between Universal, Regional and Basin Perspectives’, The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Water in a Changing World, Paris, France: UNESCO, 1–10BAtmosphere: Ozone Depletion and Climate Change10. Dale S. Bryk (1991), ‘The Montreal Protocol and Recent Developments to Protect the Ozone Layer’, Harvard Environmental Law Review, 15 (1), 275–9811. Daniel Bodanksy (2016), ‘The Paris Climate Change Agreement: A New Hope?’, American Journal of International Law, 110 (2), April, 288–319 CBiosphere: Species, Spaces and Biodiversity12. Michael Bowman, Peter Davies and Catherine Redgwell (2010), ‘The Historical Evolution of International Wildlife Law’, in Lyster’s International Wildlife Law, Chapter 1, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 3–2313. Elisa Morgera and Elsa Tsioumani (2010), ‘Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow: Looking Afresh at the Convention on Biological Diversity’, Yearbook of International Environmental Law, 21 (1), 3–40DDangerous Substances and Activities14. Katherine Kumer Peiry (2014), ‘The Chemicals and Waste Regime as a Basis for a Comprehensive International Framework on Sustainable Management of Potentially Hazardous Materials?’, Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law, Special Issue: International and European Chemicals Regulation, 23 (2), July, 172–8015. Peter L. Lallas (2001), ‘The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants’, American Journal of International Law, 95 (3), July, 692–708EEnergy: Fossil, Nuclear and Renewable16. Catherine Redgwell (2007), ‘International Regulation of Energy Activities’, in Martha Roggenkamp, Catherine Redgwell, Anita Rønne and Iñigo del Guayo (eds), Energy Law in Europe: National, EU and International Regulation, Chapter 2, New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, 13–14417. David M. Ong (1999), ‘Joint Development of Common Offshore Oil and Gas Deposits: “Mere” State Practice or Customary International Law?’, American Journal of International Law, 93 (4), October, 771–80418. Günther Handl (2003), ‘The IAEA Nuclear Safety Conventions: An Example of Successful “Treaty Management”?’, Nuclear Law Bulletin, 72, 7–2719.Stuart Bruce (2013), ‘International Law and Renewable Energy: Facilitating Sustainable Energy for All?’, Melbourne Journal of International Law, 14 (1), June, 18–53PART III IMPLEMENTATION 20. Lavanya Rajamani (2013), ‘Differentiation in the Emerging Climate Change Regime’, Theoretical Inquiries in Law, 14 (1), January, 151–7121. Xue Hanquin (2003), ‘Introduction’, in Transboundary Damage in International Law, Chapter 1, New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1–1622. Malgosia Fitzmaurice (2013), ‘The International Court of Justice and International Environmental Law’, in Christian J. Tams and James Sloan (eds), The Development of International Law by the International Court of Justice, Chapter 12, New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, 353–74PART IV MAJOR DEBATES AND APPROACHES 23. Jorge E. Viñuales (2013), ‘The Rise and Fall of Sustainable Development’, Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law, 22 (1), April, 3–1324. Alan Boyle (2012), ‘Human Rights and the Environment: Where Next?’, European Journal of International Law, 23 (3), August, 613–4225. Michael Bothe, Carl Bruch, Jordan Diamond and David Jensen (2010), ‘International Law Protecting the Environment During Armed Conflict: Gaps and Opportunities’, International Review of the Red Cross, 92 (879), September, 569–92 26. Mark Wu and James Salzman (2014), ‘The Next Generation of Trade and Environment Conflicts: The Rise of Green Industrial Policy’, Northwestern University Law Review, 108 (2), 401–7427. Jorge E. Viñuales (2009/2010), ‘Foreign Investment and the Environment in International Law: An Ambiguous Relationship’, British Yearbook of International Law, 80 (1), 244–332Volume IIAn introduction by the editors appears in Volume IPART ICOMPETENCE AND PRINCIPLES 1. Hans Vedder (2010), ‘The Treaty of Lisbon and European Environmental Law and Policy’, Journal of Environmental Law, 22 (2), 285–992. Angus Johnston and Eva van der Marel (2013), ‘Ad Lucem? Interpreting the New EU Energy Provision, and in particular the Meaning of Article 194(2) TFEU’, European Energy and Environmental Law Review, 22 (5), October, 181–99 3. Nicolas De Sadeleer (2009), ‘The Precautionary Principle as a Device for Greater Environmental Protection: Lessons from EC Courts’, Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law, 18 (1), April, 3-10 4. Astrid Epiney (2006), ‘Environmental Principles’, in Richard Macrory (ed), Reflections on 30 Years of EU Environmental Law: a High Level of Protection, Groningen, the Netherlands: Europa Law Publishing, 17–395. Wiek Schrage, Keith Bull and Albena Karadjova (2007), ‘Environmental Legal Instruments in the UNECE Region’, Yearbook of International Environmental Law, 18 (1), 3–31PART II SECTOR SPECIFIC REGULATION AWater 6. William Howarth (2009), ‘Aspirations and Realities under the Water Framework Directive: Proceduralisation, Participation and Practicalities’, Journal of Environmental Law, 21 (3), 391–417 7. Henrik Josefsson and Lasse Baaner (2011), ‘The Water Framework Directive – A Directive for the Twenty-First Century?’, Journal of Environmental Law, 23 (3), November, 463–868. Attila Tanzi (2010), ‘Reducing the Gap between International Water Law and Human Rights Law: the UNECE Protocol on Water and Health’, International Community Law Review, 12 (3), 267–85 BConservation9. Ludwig Krämer (2015), ‘Implementation and Enforcement of the Habitats Directive’, in Charles-Hubert Born, An Cliquet, Hendrik Schoukens, Delphine Misonne and Geert Van Hoorick (eds), The Habitats Directive in its EU Environmental Law Context: European Nature’s Best Hope, Chapter 13, Abingdon, UK and New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 229–44 10. Carolina Lasén Díaz (2010), ‘The Bern Convention: 30 Years of Nature Conservation in Europe’, Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law, 19 (2), July, 185–96CChemicals and Waste11. Elen Stokes and Steven Vaughan (2013), ‘Great Expectations: Reviewing 50 Years of Chemicals Legislation in the EU’, Journal of Environmental Law, Special Issue: ‘Environmental Law: Looking Backwards, Looking Forwards’, 25 (3), November, 411–35 12. Eloise Scotford (2007), ‘Trash or Treasure: Policy Tensions in EC Waste Regulation’, Journal of Environmental Law, 19 (3), 367–8813. Hazel Ann Nash (2009), ‘The Revised Directive on Waste: Resolving Legislative Tensions in Waste Management?’, Journal of Environmental Law, 21 (1), 139–49DAir Quality14. Mark Wilde (2010), ‘The New Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe’, Environmental Law Review, 12 (4), 282–90EClimate Change15. Gerd Winter (2010), ‘The Climate is No Commodity: Taking Stock of the Emissions Trading System’, Journal of Environmental Law, 22 (1), 1–2516. Josephine A. W. van Zeben (2009), ‘The European Emissions Trading Scheme Case Law’, Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law, 18 (2), July, 119–28FEnergy17. Leigh Hancher, Piet Jan Slot, Bram Delvaux and Geert van Calster (2007), ‘EU Energy Law’, in Martha Roggenkamp, Catherine Redgwell, Anita Rønne and Iñigo del Guayo (eds), Energy Law in Europe: National, EU and International Regulation, Chapter 6, New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, 225–39218. Kim Talus (2013), ‘From State to Market and Back’, in EU Energy Law and Policy: A Critical Account, Chapter 7, New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, 269–8619. Sirja–Leena Penttinen and Kim Talus (2015), ‘Development of Sustainability Aspects in EU Energy Law’, in Geert Van Calster, Wim Vandenberghe and Leonie Reins (eds), Research Handbook in Climate Change Mitigation Law, Chapter 2, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 33–5020. Sanja Bogojević (2009), ‘Ending the Honeymoon: Deconstructing Emissions Trading Discourses’, Journal of Environmental Law, 21 (3), 443–68PART III TRANSVERSAL REGULATION AAccess to Information21. Ludwig Krämer (2015), ‘The Aarhus Convention and the European Union’ in Charles Banner (ed.), The Aarhus Convention: A Guide for UK Lawyers, Chapter 5, Abingdon, UK: Hart Publishing, 79–95BEnvironmental Impact Assessment22. Ludwig Krämer (2007), ‘The Development of Environmental Assessments at the Level of the European Union’, in Jane Holder and Donald McGillivray (eds), Taking Stock of Environmental Assessment. Law, Policy and Practice, Chapter 5, Abingdon, UK and New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 131–4823. Simon Marsden (2011), ‘The Espoo Convention and Strategic Environmental Assessment Protocol in the European Union: Implementation, Compliance, Enforcement and Reform’, Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law, 20 (3), November, 267–76CTaxation24. Kurt Deketelaere (1999), ‘The Use of Fiscal Instruments in European Environmental Policy: Review Essay’, Energy and Environment, 10 (2), 181–20725. David A. Weisbach (2012), ‘Carbon Taxation in the EU: Expanding the EU Carbon Price’, Journal of Environmental Law, 24 (2), July, 183–206DLiability26. Edward Brans (2013), ‘Fundamentals of Liability for Environmental Harm in the ELD’, in Lucas Bergkamp and Barbara J. Goldsmith (eds), The EU Environmental Liability Directive: A Commentary, Chapter 2, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 31–50 27. Gerd Winter, Jan H. Jans, Richard Macrory and Ludwig Krämer (2008), ‘Weighing up the EC Environmental Liability Directive’, Journal of Environmental Law, 20 (2), 163–9128. Maria Lee (2009), ‘”New” Environmental Liabilities: The Purpose and Scope of the Contaminated Land Regime and the Environmental Liability Directive’, Environmental Law Review, 11 (4), December, 264–78EEnforcement and the Role of the Courts29. Elizabeth Fisher (2001), ‘Is the Precautionary Principle Justiciable?’, Journal of Environmental Law, 13 (3), 315–3430. Emma Lees (2015), ‘Identification of the Cause of Uncertainty: The Regulatory Culture’ in Interpreting Environmental Offences: The Need for Certainty, Chapter 6, Oxford, UK and Portland, Oregon, USA: Hart Publishing, 103–3831. Simon Marsden (2011), ‘Invoking Direct Application and Effect of International Treaties by the European Court of Justice: Implications for International Environmental Law in the European Union’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 60 (3), July, 737–5732. Kim Talus (2007), ‘Role of the European Court of Justice in the Opening of Energy Markets’, ERA Forum, 8 (3), September, 435–48PART VI DEBATES AND APPROACHES 33. Helle Tegner Anker, Kars de Graaf, Ray Purdy and Lorenzo Squintani (2015), ‘Coping with EU Environmental Legislation – Transposition Principles and Practices’, Journal of Environmental Law, 27 (1), March, 17–4434. Joanne Scott (2009), ‘From Brussels with Love: The Transatlantic Travels of European Law and the Chemistry of Regulatory Attraction’, American Journal of Comparative Law, 57 (4), Fall, 897–94235. Sebastian Mielke (2013), ‘Regulating in Thin Air: Nanotechnology Regulation in the European Union’, Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law, Special Issue: Global and European Regulation of Nanotechnologies, 22 (2), July, 146–54 Volume IIIAn introduction by the editors appears in Volume IPART ITRANSNATIONAL DIMENSIONS 1. Veerle Heyvaert (2013), ‘Regulatory Competition – Accounting for the Transnational Dimension of Environmental Regulation’, Journal of Environmental Law, 25 (1), March, 1–312. Kim Talus, Scott Looper and Steven Otillar (2012), ‘Lex Petrolea and Internationalisation of Petroleum Agreements: Focus on Host Government Contracts’, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, 5 (3), September, 181–93PART II COMPARATIVE DIMENSIONS 3. Nicholas A. Robinson (1992), ‘International Trends in Environmental Impact Assessment’, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 19 (3), 591–6214. Ben Boer (1999), ‘The Rise of Environmental Law in The Asian Region’, University of Richmond Law Review, 32, 1503–535. Michiel A. Heldeweg, Rene J. G. H. Seerden and Kurt R. Deketelaere (2004), ‘Public Environmental Law in Europe: A Comparative Search for a IUS Commune’, European Environmental Law Review, 13 (3), March, 78–896. Lord Justice Carnwath (2004), ‘Judicial Protection of the Environment: At Home and Abroad’, Journal of Environmental Law, 16 (3), 315–277. Helle Tegner Anker, Ole Kristian Fauchald, Annika Nilsson and Leila Suvantola (2009), ‘The Role of Courts in Environmental Law – A Nordic Comparative Study’, Nordic Environmental Law Journal, 23 (3), 9–338. Neil Gunningham (2011), ‘Enforcing Environmental Regulation’, Journal of Environmental Law, 23 (2), July, 169–2019. Emma Lees (2016), ‘The Polluter Pays Principle and the Remediation of the Land’, International Journal of Law in the Built Environment, 8 (1), 2–2010. Richard L. Ottinger (2006), ‘Legal Frameworks for Energy for Sustainable Development’, in Adrian J. Bradbrook, Rosemary Lyster, Richard L. Ottinger and Wang Xi (eds), The Law of Energy for Sustainable Development, Chapter 7, New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 103–2311. Catherine Redgwell, Martha Roggenkamp, Anita Rønne and Iñigo del Guayo (2007), ‘Energy Law in Europe: Comparisons and Conclusions’, in Catherine Redgwell, Martha Roggenkamp, Anita Rønne and Iñigo del Guayo (eds), Energy Law in Europe: National, EU and International Regulation, Chapter 16, New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, 1265–358 PART III NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES (SELECTED QUESTIONS) 12. Ben Boer (1992), ‘World Heritage Disputes in Australia’, Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation, 7, 247–7913. Jan Glazewski (1999), ‘Environmental Justice and the New South African Democratic Legal Order’, Acta Juridica, 1–3514. M. K. Ramesh (2002), ‘Environmental Justice: Courts and Beyond’, Indian Journal of Environmental Law, 3 (1), June, 20–3715. Richard Macrory (2008), ‘New Approaches to Regulatory Sanctions’, Environmental Law and Management, 20, 210–1416. Colin T. Reid (2011), ‘The Privatisation of Biodiversity? Possible New Approaches to Nature Conservation Law in the UK’, Journal of Environmental Law, 23 (2), July, 203–3117. Richard Lazarus (2012), ‘The National Environmental Policy Act in the U.S. Supreme Court: A Reappraisal and A Peek Behind the Curtains’, Georgetown Law Journal, 100, 1507–8618. Gerd Winter (2013), ‘The Rise and Fall of Nuclear Energy Use in Germany: Processes, Explanations and the Role of Law’, Journal of Environmental Law, 25 (1), March, 95–12419. Alex L. Wang (2013), ‘The Search for Sustainable Legitimacy: Environmental Law and Bureaucracy in China’, Harvard Environmental Law Review, 37, 365–440PART VI DEBATES AND APPROACHES 20. Richard B. Stewart (1992), ‘Environmental Regulation and International Competitiveness’, Yale Law Journal, 102 (8), 2039–10621. Peter Cane (2001), ‘Are Environmental Harms Special?’, Journal of Environmental Law, 13 (1), 3–2022. Jody Freeman and Daniel A. Farber (2005), ‘Modular Environmental Regulation’, Duke Law Journal, 54 (4), February, 795–90223. Elizabeth Fisher, Bettina Lange, Eloise Scotford and Cinnamon Carlarne (2009), ‘Maturity and Methodology: Starting a Debate about Environmental Law Scholarship’, Journal of Environmental Law, 21 (2), 213–5024. Ole W. Pederson (2013), ‘Modest Pragmatic Lessons for a Diverse and Incoherent Environmental Law’, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 33 (1), Spring, 103–31Index