Edited by Martha M. Roggenkamp, Professor of Energy Law and Director, Kars J. de Graaf, Professor of Public Law and Sustainability and Ruven C.Fleming, Assistant Professor of Energy law, University of Groningen, the Netherlands

'This impressive and ambitious volume could not be more timely. Climate change now firmly links energy and the environment, and the way in which energy law is structured will profoundly influence the effectiveness of policy responses. Written by leading experts from across the world, this is the most comprehensive examination of energy law to date that has been written with climate change and the environment in mind. As such it will be an essential reference work for lawyers and policy makers engaged in these issues.'

• Contents:Foreword to the Encyclopedia xviiiJamie Benidickson and Yves Le BouthillierForeword to Volume IX xixMichael FaureList of abbreviations xxiIntroduction to Volume IX 1Martha M Roggenkamp, Kars J de Graaf and Ruven C FlemingPART 1 GENERAL CONCEPTSIX.1 Sovereignty and jurisdiction over energy resources 9Catherine RedgwellIX.2 Regulating the energy chain 20Martha M RoggenkampIX.3 The energy trilemma 31Ruven C FlemingIX.4 Sustainable development, principles of environmental law and the energysector 41Kars J de Graaf and Lorenzo SquintaniPART 2 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTSInternational energy cooperation and tradeIX.5 The International Atomic Energy Agency 57Jennifer CampionIX.6 International cooperation in oil and gas: current and evolving roles ofOPEC and GECF 68Damilola S OlawuyiIX.7 The International Energy Agency 79John Paterson and Ruven C FlemingIX.8 The Energy Charter Treaty 88Cees VerburgIX.9 The International Renewable Energy Agency 99Thijs Van de GraafRegional energy cooperation and tradeIX.10 The development of energy cooperation and trade in the European Union 111Îñigo del GuayoIX.11 Energy cooperation in North America: from CUSFTA to USMCA 122Jos. Juan González Márquez, Alastair Lucas and Diego AlmeidaIX.12 Energy cooperation in South America: the case of MERCOSUR 134Lila Barrera-Hernández and Thomas Andrew O’KeefeIX.13 Energy cooperation in Asia: the case of ASEAN 145Sufian JusohIX.14 Energy cooperation in Africa: the African Union vs Regional EconomicCommunities 156Taciana Peão Lopes and Cheri-Leigh YoungPART 3 REGULATING ENERGY MARKETSIX.15 Governance of the energy market in the European Union 169Silke Goldberg and Anne EckenrothIX.16 Governance of the energy markets in Canada 180Alastair Lucas and Diego AlmeidaIX.17 Governance of the energy market in the United States 193Richard Ottinger, Aaron Rudyan and Bahar HashemolhosseiniIX.18 Governance of the energy market in Australia 204Lee Godden and Anne KalliesIX.19 Governance of the energy market in Russia 216Sergey Seliverstov and Ivan GudkovIX.20 Governance of the energy market in China 227Wang Mingyuan and Gao LailongIX.21 Frameworks for energy governance and regulation in Africa 238Hanri Mostert, Hugo Meyer van den Berg and Bernard KengniPART 4 REGULATING THE OIL AND GAS SECTORExploration and production of oil and gasIX.22 Overview of legal regimes governing exploration and production ofpetroleum 257Hugo Meyer van den BergIX.23 Protecting health, safety and the environment offshore 267John PatersonIX.24 Decommissioning of (abandoned or disused) offshore installations 277Constantinos Yiallourides and Greg W GordonNew developmentsIX.25 Reuse of offshore oil and gas infrastructure: a case study on CCS 291Dinand Drankier and Joris GazendamIX.26 Regulating oil and gas exploration and production in the Arctic 302Tina Soliman HunterIX.27 Regulating the production of shale gas and fracking 313Leonie Reins and Allan IngelsonIX.28 Alternatives to natural gas: the legal framework on synthetic natural gasand biomethane 326Daisy G TempelmanPART 5 REGULATING THE ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION SECTORGeneralIX.29 Electricity production and emission standards 341Kars J de Graaf and Lolke S BraaksmaIX.30 Electricity production and greenhouse gas emissions trading 352Edwin Woerdman and Yingying ZengIX.31 Environmental considerations in regulating nuclear energy 363Anthony WetherallRenewable resourcesIX.32 Renewable energy sources and the impact on security of supply anddispatching 377Fokke ElskampIX.33 Regulating the promotion of renewable electricity consumption andproduction: a European Union case study 388Olivia WoolleyIX.34 Regulating the promotion of non-conventional renewable energy sourcesin Latin America 399Milton Fernando Montoya Pardo and María Alejandra Garzón AlbornozHydropowerIX.35 Regulation of hydropower in the European Union 413Henrik BjørnebyeIX.36 Regulation of hydropower in South America 424Milton Fernando Montoya Pardo and Daniela Aguilar AbaunzaWind energyIX.37 Regulation of wind energy in the European Union 439Romain MaugerIX.38 Regulation of wind power in China 450Wang Mingyuan and Gao LailongSolar energyIX.39 Regulating solar energy in the European Union 463Michel Chatelin and Louis-Narito HaradaIX.40 Regulating solar energy in Mexico 474Jos. Juan González MárquezBiomassIX.41 Wood-based biomass and electricity in the United States: a case study inscientific and policy uncertainty 487Blake HudsonIX.42 Promoting sustainable energy in Brazil: the role of biomass 498Rômulo Sampaio and Patrícia SampaioGeothermalIX.43 Regulation of electricity from geothermal heat in Iceland 511Hilmar GunnlaugssonIX.44 Regulation of geothermal resources for energy in New Zealand 522Phoebe ParsonNew developmentsIX.45 Regulating offshore wind energy 535Ceciel T NieuwenhoutIX.46 Regulating wave, tidal and ocean thermal energy 546Theodore Nsoe Adimazoya and Meinhard DoellePART 6 REGULATING ENERGY TRANSPORTGeneralIX.47 Energy networks, natural monopolies and tariff regulation 563Machiel Mulder and Edwin WoerdmanIX.48 Maritime transport and the environment: energy transport by sea 573Beatriz Martinez Romera and Catalin Gabriel StanescuIX.49 Greening the transport sector: promoting ‘zero emissions vehicles’ in theEU and US 584Gijs Kreeft and Dirk KuikenNetwork-bound energyIX.50 Regulating the use of energy networks in liberalised markets 599Anne KalliesIX.51 Regulating electricity network reliability 611Dirk KuikenIX.52 Regulating high voltage power lines: electromagnetic fields and safety 621Catherine Banet and Astrid Skjønborg BruntIX.53 Regulating pipeline safety 633Mehdi PiriNew developmentsIX.54 A legal framework for smart grids 645Lea DiestelmeierIX.55 The regulation of microgrids 656Donna M AttanasioIX.56 Developing an offshore electricity grid: European and US approaches 668Ceciel T Nieuwenhout and Hannah K MüllerIX.57 Developing a regulatory framework for electricity storage 679Gijs Kreeft and Romain MaugerPART 7 REGULATING ACCESS TO ENERGY AND PROTECTINGENERGY CONSUMERSEnergy supply and consumptionIX.58 Energy poverty and household access to energy services in international,regional and national law 695Marlies HesselmanIX.59 Protecting energy consumers from the bankruptcies of energy supplycompanies 707René van ’t HoftIX.60 Protecting energy consumers via tariff regulation 717James M Van NostrandNew developmentsIX.61 Regulating residential prosumers 729Lea DiestelmeierPART 8 REGULATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY SAVINGSIX.62 Regulating energy efficiency in the European Union 741Martha M RoggenkampIX.63 Energy efficiency at energy production level: promoting combined heatand power 753Maciej M SokołowskiIX.64 The role of demand-response mechanisms in promoting energy efficiency 764LeRoy PaddockIX.65 Energy efficiency at the consumer level in the United States 776LeRoy Paddock and Deepti BansalIndex 789