Rebekka Habermas (1959-2023) was Professor of Modern German History at the University of Göttingen. She was also a Richard von Weizsäcker Fellow at Oxford University and Theodor Heuss Professor at The New School in New York. Her publications include Frauen und Männer des Bürgertums: Eine Familiengeschichte (2000), Thieves in Court: The Making of the German Legal System in the Nineteenth Century (2016), and Skandal in Togo: Ein Kapitel deutscher Kolonialherrschaft (2016).

“This volume reveals the vibrancy of debates around religion, the gendered character of secularism, and the pivotal role of missionaries in defining the limits of the orthodox, all of which were informed by transnational contexts.” • Central European History“The volume offers a range of very useful answers to the difficult question of how to conceptualize and study the relationship between the religious and the secular in the German Empire. It takes the role of politics and the state seriously, but illustrates the myriad ways in which non-state actors were central to the process of redefining the secular in relation to the religious. It resists easy progress narratives of a gradual transition from a benighted state of religiosity towards an enlightened, secular one, and successfully historicizes a number of instances of the ‘constant making and unmaking of the religious and the secular’ in Germany and beyond.” • European History Quarterly“With its strong lineup of contributors, this book adds valuable insights into the under-researched topic of what is meant by the secular, and also conveys the many ways in which the secular and the religious were intertwined in the German imperial context.” • Rebecca Bennette, Middlebury College“Habermas addresses an important and often neglected aspect of German – and indeed European – history. The high quality of the scholarship will make this a significant contribution to the field.” • Professor Matthew Jefferies, University of Manchester

• Introduction: Negotiating the Religious and the Secular in Modern German HistoryRebekka HabermasPART I: RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR: SCIENTIFIC DEBATESChapter 1. A Secular Age? The ‘Modern World’ and the Beginnings of the Sociology of ReligionWolfgang KnöblChapter 2. The Silence on the Land: Ancient Israel versus Modern Palestine in Scientific TheologyPaul Michael KurtzPART II: RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR: PUBLIC DEBATESChapter 3. What Means to Be ‘Secular’ in the German Kaiserreich? An InterventionLucian HölscherChapter 4. Secularism in the Long Nineteenth Century between the Global and the LocalRebekka HabermasPART III: RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR: NEGOTIATING BOUNDARIESChapter 5. Retrieving Tradition? The Secular-Religious Ambiguity in Nineteenth Century German-Jewish AnarchismCarolin KosuchChapter 6. Catholic Women as Global Actors of the Religious and the SecularRelinde MeiwesChapter 7. Negotiating the Fundamentals? German Missions and the Experience of the Contact Zone, 1850–1918Richard Hölzl and Karolin WetjenIndex

Rebekka Habermas (1959-2023) was Professor of Modern German History at the University of Göttingen. She was also a Richard von Weizsäcker Fellow at Oxford University and Theodor Heuss Professor at The New School in New York. Her publications include Frauen und Männer des Bürgertums: Eine Familiengeschichte (2000), Thieves in Court: The Making of the German Legal System in the Nineteenth Century (2016), and Skandal in Togo: Ein Kapitel deutscher Kolonialherrschaft (2016).

“This volume reveals the vibrancy of debates around religion, the gendered character of secularism, and the pivotal role of missionaries in defining the limits of the orthodox, all of which were informed by transnational contexts.” • Central European History“The volume offers a range of very useful answers to the difficult question of how to conceptualize and study the relationship between the religious and the secular in the German Empire. It takes the role of politics and the state seriously, but illustrates the myriad ways in which non-state actors were central to the process of redefining the secular in relation to the religious. It resists easy progress narratives of a gradual transition from a benighted state of religiosity towards an enlightened, secular one, and successfully historicizes a number of instances of the ‘constant making and unmaking of the religious and the secular’ in Germany and beyond.” • European History Quarterly“With its strong lineup of contributors, this book adds valuable insights into the under-researched topic of what is meant by the secular, and also conveys the many ways in which the secular and the religious were intertwined in the German imperial context.” • Rebecca Bennette, Middlebury College“Habermas addresses an important and often neglected aspect of German – and indeed European – history. The high quality of the scholarship will make this a significant contribution to the field.” • Professor Matthew Jefferies, University of Manchester

• Introduction: Negotiating the Religious and the Secular in Modern German HistoryRebekka HabermasPART I: RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR: SCIENTIFIC DEBATESChapter 1. A Secular Age? The ‘Modern World’ and the Beginnings of the Sociology of ReligionWolfgang KnöblChapter 2. The Silence on the Land: Ancient Israel versus Modern Palestine in Scientific TheologyPaul Michael KurtzPART II: RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR: PUBLIC DEBATESChapter 3. What Means to Be ‘Secular’ in the German Kaiserreich? An InterventionLucian HölscherChapter 4. Secularism in the Long Nineteenth Century between the Global and the LocalRebekka HabermasPART III: RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR: NEGOTIATING BOUNDARIESChapter 5. Retrieving Tradition? The Secular-Religious Ambiguity in Nineteenth Century German-Jewish AnarchismCarolin KosuchChapter 6. Catholic Women as Global Actors of the Religious and the SecularRelinde MeiwesChapter 7. Negotiating the Fundamentals? German Missions and the Experience of the Contact Zone, 1850–1918Richard Hölzl and Karolin WetjenIndex

Rebekka Habermas (1959-2023) was Professor of Modern German History at the University of Göttingen. She was also a Richard von Weizsäcker Fellow at Oxford University and Theodor Heuss Professor at The New School in New York. Her publications include Frauen und Männer des Bürgertums: Eine Familiengeschichte (2000), Thieves in Court: The Making of the German Legal System in the Nineteenth Century (2016), and Skandal in Togo: Ein Kapitel deutscher Kolonialherrschaft (2016).

“This volume reveals the vibrancy of debates around religion, the gendered character of secularism, and the pivotal role of missionaries in defining the limits of the orthodox, all of which were informed by transnational contexts.” • Central European History“The volume offers a range of very useful answers to the difficult question of how to conceptualize and study the relationship between the religious and the secular in the German Empire. It takes the role of politics and the state seriously, but illustrates the myriad ways in which non-state actors were central to the process of redefining the secular in relation to the religious. It resists easy progress narratives of a gradual transition from a benighted state of religiosity towards an enlightened, secular one, and successfully historicizes a number of instances of the ‘constant making and unmaking of the religious and the secular’ in Germany and beyond.” • European History Quarterly“With its strong lineup of contributors, this book adds valuable insights into the under-researched topic of what is meant by the secular, and also conveys the many ways in which the secular and the religious were intertwined in the German imperial context.” • Rebecca Bennette, Middlebury College“Habermas addresses an important and often neglected aspect of German – and indeed European – history. The high quality of the scholarship will make this a significant contribution to the field.” • Professor Matthew Jefferies, University of Manchester

• Introduction: Negotiating the Religious and the Secular in Modern German HistoryRebekka HabermasPART I: RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR: SCIENTIFIC DEBATESChapter 1. A Secular Age? The ‘Modern World’ and the Beginnings of the Sociology of ReligionWolfgang KnöblChapter 2. The Silence on the Land: Ancient Israel versus Modern Palestine in Scientific TheologyPaul Michael KurtzPART II: RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR: PUBLIC DEBATESChapter 3. What Means to Be ‘Secular’ in the German Kaiserreich? An InterventionLucian HölscherChapter 4. Secularism in the Long Nineteenth Century between the Global and the LocalRebekka HabermasPART III: RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR: NEGOTIATING BOUNDARIESChapter 5. Retrieving Tradition? The Secular-Religious Ambiguity in Nineteenth Century German-Jewish AnarchismCarolin KosuchChapter 6. Catholic Women as Global Actors of the Religious and the SecularRelinde MeiwesChapter 7. Negotiating the Fundamentals? German Missions and the Experience of the Contact Zone, 1850–1918Richard Hölzl and Karolin WetjenIndex