Lead in Glassy Materials in Cultural Heritage

Anne Bouquillon is a research engineer in charge of studies on ceramics and plaster at C2RMF, France. She is editor-in-chief of the journal Techné.Patrice Lehuédé is former head of the Microanalysis Department at Saint-Gobain Recherche, France. He was a research associate at C2RMF from 2007 to 2020.

• Foreword by Isabelle Pallot-Frossard xvForeword by Daniel R Neuville xviiIntroduction xixPatrice LEHUÉDÉ and Anne BOUQUILLONPart 1 Overview and Specific Techniques for the Analysis of Lead Glasses and Glaze 1Chapter 1 Overview 3Patrice LEHUÉDÉ1.1 Advantages brought by lead 31.2 Difficulties related to the use of lead oxide 141.3 Conclusion 151.4 References 15Chapter 2 Lead Isotopes for the Study of Ancient Glass 19Alicia VAN HAM-MEERT and Patrick DEGRYSE2.1 Lead isotope chemistry 192.2 The use of lead isotopes in archaeology 192.3 Lead isotopic analysis of glassy material 212.4 O, Sr, Nd and B isotopes for studying archaeological glass 282.5 Conclusion and future perspectives 302.6 Acknowledgments 312.7 References 31Part 2 Structure of Lead Glasses: Influence on their Properties, Including Color 35Chapter 3 Structure and Properties of Lead Silicate Glasses 37Daniel CAURANT, Gilles WALLEZ, Odile MAJÉRUS, Gauthier ROISINE and Thibault CHARPENTIER3.1 Introduction 373.2 Lead and lead oxides 403.3 Crystal phases and glasses of the SiO2-PbO system 463.4 Glasses of the SiO2-PbO-R2O system (R = Na, K) 723.5 Glasses of the SiO2-PbO-Al2O3 system 763.6 Conclusion 833.7 References 84Chapter 4 Optical Properties and Coloration of Lead Silicate Glasses 93Odile MAJÉRUS, Adèle MUNOZ-BONGRAND and Daniel CAURANT4.1 Physical bases of optical properties and the origins of glass color 944.2 Optical properties and color of transparent SiO2-PbO-M2O glasses 994.3 SiO2-PbO-M2O glasses colored by transition ions 1024.4 References 112Part 3 History and Evolution of Lead Glasses 115Chapter 5 Lead in the Recipes of the Middle Ages and Renaissance 117Marco VERITÀ and Isabelle BIRON5.1 The first written sources mentioning the use of lead 1175.2 Recipes of translucent and opaque lead glasses from the Middle Ages and Renaissance 1185.3 Conclusion 1275.4 References 128Chapter 6 The First Lead Glasses 133Bernard GRATUZE6.1 Introduction 1336.2 Glasses of the Eastern Mediterranean from the second and first millennia BC 1356.3 Lead glasses in Asia starting with the second half of the first millennium BC 1396.4 Medieval lead glasses in Western Europe 1416.5 European lead glasses, from the beginning of the modern period until the invention of crystal glass 1456.6 Conclusion 1486.7 References 149Chapter 7 Lead in Glasses: Recent Times 155Patrice LEHUÉDÉ7.1 The adventure of lead crystal glass 1557.2 New colorants of lead glass 1577.3 The new opacifiers 1607.4 The new processes of crystal glass decoration 1617.5 New glassmaking techniques 1647.6 Conclusion 1677.7 References 168Chapter 8 Early Islamic Lead Glass 173Nadine SCHIBILLE8.1 Introduction 1738.2 Islamic lead silica glass (mina) from the Near East 1758.3 Lead slag glass from Šaqunda (Córdoba) 1848.4 Soda ash lead glass from al-Andalus 1868.5 Concluding remarks 1918.6 References 192Chapter 9 Lead in the Enamels of the Middle Ages and Renaissance 199Isabelle BIRON and Marco VERITÀ9.1 Limoges champlevé enamels on copper from the Middle Ages 1999.2 The so-called Venetian enameled coppers of the Italian Renaissance 2049.3 References 211Part 4 History, Implementation and Evolution of Lead Glazes 213Chapter 10 History of Lead in Ancient Ceramic Materials 215Anne BOUQUILLON10.1 Introduction 21510.2 Properties and implementation of lead glazes 21610.3 The first lead glazes 21810.4 Dissemination and evolution of the lead glazing technique in the high Antiquity 22410.5 Hybridization of lead glazes with other ceramic traditions 22910.6 The importance of lead-rich glassy materials in the race for porcelain 23110.7 Innovations brought by Islamic potters of eighth to ninth century: the place of lead glassy materials 23110.8 Soft-paste porcelains: lead glaze on translucent paste 23910.9 Lead-rich vitrified paints 24010.10 Conclusion 24110.11 References 242Chapter 11 Paste–Glaze Interaction 249Laurent CORMIER and Marie GODET11.1 Context 24911.2 Paste–glaze interface 25111.3 Factors affecting the paste–glaze interface 25211.4 Cross-diffusion of chemical elements 25611.5 Morphology of the interface 25911.6 Identification of crystalline phases at the interface 26011.7 Interface as an indicator of elaboration processes 26711.8 Influence of interface on the physical properties 27111.9 Conclusion 27411.10 References 275Chapter 12 Weathering of Ancient Lead Glazes 279Anne BOUQUILLON12.1 Slightly weathered glazes 28012.2 Weak iridescences and pinholes 28212.3 Advanced weathering in the context of burial 28512.4 Protection of lead-glazed weathered objects by sol-gel methods 28912.5 Conclusion 29112.6 References 292Part 5 Weathering of Lead Glasses and Standards 295Chapter 13 Lead Leaching in Industrial Crystal Glasses: Role of Chemical Composition, Structure and Surface Treatments 297Frédéric ANGELI, Léa BRUNSWIC, Thibault CHARPENTIER and Stéphane GIN13.1 Influence of lead content on crystal glass structure 30013.2 Leaching mechanisms of lead glasses 30513.3 Industrial surface treatments limiting lead release by crystal glass 32213.4 Conclusion 32513.5 References 326Chapter 14 Lead in Glass: Standards and Regulations 331Denis LALART and Xavier CAPILLA14.1 Lead uses in glassworks 33114.2 Regulations related to lead 33314.3 Food contact 33614.4 Conclusion 33814.5 References 339List of Authors 341Index 345