Edited by Matthew Clarke, Pro Vice-Chancellor of Researcher Development and Alfred Deakin Professor and Xinyu (Andy) Zhao, Research Fellow, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Deakin University, Australia

• List of contributors xAn introduction to the ElgarEncyclopedia of Development 1Matthew Clarke and Xinyu(Andy) Zhao1 Absolute poverty 4Andy Sumner2 Advocacy 7Margit van Wessel3 Affordable housing 12Carolyn Whitzman4 Agrarian change and ruraldevelopment 15Cristóbal Kay5 Aid modality 20B. Ouattara6 Amartya Sen 24Lawrence Hamilton7 Andre Gunder Frank 29Sing C. Chew8 Animal capital 36Dinesh Wadiwel9 Art and development 41Polly Stupples10 Artificial intelligence anddevelopment 46Matthew L. Smith and RuhiyaKristine Seward11 Arturo Escobar 52Kiran Asher12 Bandung and decolonization 55Narendran Kumarakulasingam13 Basic needs approach 59Kenneth A. Reinert14 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 64Bernice Yanful andAnne-Emanuelle Birn15 Bretton Woods 70Laurissa Mühlich16 BRICS 74Deborah Barros Leal Farias17 Chandra Talpade Mohanty 77Chizu Sato18 Child labour 83Dev Nathan19 Citizen aid 88Anne-Meike Fechter20 Civil society and development 90Jude Howell21 Class 95Jonathan Pattenden22 Communication for development 100Valentina Baú23 Community capacity-building 104Gary Craig24 Community development 110Gary Craig25 Conflict sensitivity and dono harm 116Anthony Ware26 Corporate social responsibility 120Paul Alexander Haslam27 Corruption and development 125Alina Mungiu-Pippidi28 Culture and development 129Keith Nurse29 Customary law 137Sandra F. Joireman30 Data justice 141Richard Heeks31 Debt 145Bruno Bonizzi and ChristinaLaskaridis32 Decent work 150Kanchana Ruwanpura33 Degrowth 155Federico Demaria34 Dependency theory 161Wil Hout35 Developing countries 166Deborah Barros Leal Farias36 Development and racial hierarchy 169Kamna Patel37 Development ethics 173Jay Drydyk38 Developmental state 180Yin-wah Chu39 Digital citizenship 185Jiajie Lu40 Digital inclusion 188Amber Marshall41 Disability and development 192Shaun Grech42 Disaster and development 197Jeroen Warner43 Domestic violence anddevelopment 203Nata Duvvury44 Early childhood development 208Deborah A. Phillips45 Education and development 214Simon McGrath46 Energy and development 219David I. Stern47 Ester Boserup 224Marina Fischer-Kowalski48 Everyday peace 228Anthony Ware49 Faith-based organizations 234Marie Juul Petersen50 Finance and development 241Rashmi Arora51 Financial inclusion 247Mandira Sarma52 Food regimes 251Philip McMichael53 Food security 259C. Peter Timmer54 Forced migration 264Naohiko Omata55 Foreign direct investment 268Rajneesh Narula and André Pineli56 Gender and development 272Gouthami57 Gender and intersectionality 277Tanja Bastia58 Geography and the world’sdevelopment divides 279Marcin Wojciech Solarz59 Global governance 286Roni Kay O’Dell60 Global North–South 291Jean-Philippe Thérien61 Global value chains andeconomic development 296David Dollar62 Globalization and development 299Kenneth A. Reinert63 Good governance 304Anis Chowdhury64 Green economy 309Kirstie O’Neill65 Health system 314Michael Anderson and EliasMossialos66 Heritage and development 320Dobrosława Wiktor-Mach67 Human development approach 324Alexandra Fortacz andSabina Alkire68 Human Development Index 332Mark McGillivray69 Human trafficking and slavery 337James Cockayne70 Humanitarian aid 342Nazanin Zadeh-Cummings71 Immanuel Wallerstein 347Chamsy el-Ojeili72 Inclusive research 352Melanie Nind73 Indigenous peoples anddevelopment 355Janet Hunt74 Infrastructure andeconomic development 361Dan Biller75 International child sponsorship 368Brad Watson76 International MonetaryFund and the World Bank 374Dane Rowlands77 International trade andeconomic development 379Saibal Kar78 International volunteering 381Susanne Schech79 Internet governance 386Francesca Musiani80 Labour migration 391Sylvia Ang81 Land governance 394Stig Enemark82 Land grabs 399Kiah Smith83 Localization 404Kristina Roepstorff84 MDGs and SDGs 40885 Mining 412Jeannette Graulau86 Modernization 417Corinna R. Unger87 Multispecies climate justice 422Yamini Narayanan88 Multispecies poverty politics 426Yamini Narayanan89 Neoliberalism 429Nichole Georgeou andCharles Hawksley90 Open development 435Ruhiya Kristine Seward andMatthew L. Smith91 Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development 441Matthias Schmelzer92 Oxfam 446Chris Roche93 Participatory development 451Anthony Ware94 Pastoralism 455John Morton95 Plan International 460Karin Arts96 Pollution 465Andrew Farmer97 Population and development 468Tim Dyson98 Postcapitalism 473Tuomo Alhojärvi, Isaac Lyne,Pryor Placino, KatharineMcKinnon and the CommunityEconomies Collective99 Postdevelopment 479Samantha Balaton-Chrimes100 Post-neoliberalism 482Tobias Boos and Ulrich Brand101 Poverty measurement 489Sharon Bessell102 Queer development studies 494Corinne L. Mason103 Religion and development 497Séverine Deneulin104 Resilience 502Isaac Lyne, Ann Hill,Elizabeth Barron, AlisonGuzman and Ignacio Krell105 Right to development 507Anthony Ware106 Rights-based approach todevelopment 512Anthony Ware107 Rising powers 518Stephan Klingebiel108 Rural–urban migration 523Xinjie Shi and Bingyu Huangfu109 Save the Children 528Karin Arts110 Sexual and reproductivehealth and rights 532Nate Henderson111 Slow city 536Heike Mayer and Paul L. Knox112 Social enterprise 538Isaac Lyne113 Social protection 544Keetie Roelen114 Socialist ecofeminism 547Ana Isla115 South–South cooperation 553Thomas Muhr116 Stages of growth 559Rashmi Arora117 State fragility 563Nematullah Bizhan118 Subjective well-being 566Sefa Awaworyi Churchill andRussell Smyth119 Sustainable development 569Mark Diesendorf120 Sustainable livelihoods 575Kiah Smith121 Sylvia Chant 580Cathy McIlwaine122 The Belt and Road Initiative 583Jing Gu123 The humanitarian–development nexus 588Jon Harald Sande Lie124 The migration–development nexus 593Ronald Skeldon and Tanja Bastia125 The World Commission onEnvironment and Development 598Iris Borowy126 Tourism and development 603David J. Telfer127 Trade and poverty 609Paul Brenton128 Urban planning 613Patrick Brandful Cobbinah129 Waste management anddevelopment 618Sonia Maria Dias130 Women and development 623Lourdes Beneria131 World-systems theory 628Christopher Chase-Dunn132 World Trade Organization 631Kalim Siddiqui

Edited by Matthew Clarke, Pro Vice-Chancellor of Researcher Development and Alfred Deakin Professor and Xinyu (Andy) Zhao, Research Fellow, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Deakin University, Australia

• List of contributors xAn introduction to the ElgarEncyclopedia of Development 1Matthew Clarke and Xinyu(Andy) Zhao1 Absolute poverty 4Andy Sumner2 Advocacy 7Margit van Wessel3 Affordable housing 12Carolyn Whitzman4 Agrarian change and ruraldevelopment 15Cristóbal Kay5 Aid modality 20B. Ouattara6 Amartya Sen 24Lawrence Hamilton7 Andre Gunder Frank 29Sing C. Chew8 Animal capital 36Dinesh Wadiwel9 Art and development 41Polly Stupples10 Artificial intelligence anddevelopment 46Matthew L. Smith and RuhiyaKristine Seward11 Arturo Escobar 52Kiran Asher12 Bandung and decolonization 55Narendran Kumarakulasingam13 Basic needs approach 59Kenneth A. Reinert14 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 64Bernice Yanful andAnne-Emanuelle Birn15 Bretton Woods 70Laurissa Mühlich16 BRICS 74Deborah Barros Leal Farias17 Chandra Talpade Mohanty 77Chizu Sato18 Child labour 83Dev Nathan19 Citizen aid 88Anne-Meike Fechter20 Civil society and development 90Jude Howell21 Class 95Jonathan Pattenden22 Communication for development 100Valentina Baú23 Community capacity-building 104Gary Craig24 Community development 110Gary Craig25 Conflict sensitivity and dono harm 116Anthony Ware26 Corporate social responsibility 120Paul Alexander Haslam27 Corruption and development 125Alina Mungiu-Pippidi28 Culture and development 129Keith Nurse29 Customary law 137Sandra F. Joireman30 Data justice 141Richard Heeks31 Debt 145Bruno Bonizzi and ChristinaLaskaridis32 Decent work 150Kanchana Ruwanpura33 Degrowth 155Federico Demaria34 Dependency theory 161Wil Hout35 Developing countries 166Deborah Barros Leal Farias36 Development and racial hierarchy 169Kamna Patel37 Development ethics 173Jay Drydyk38 Developmental state 180Yin-wah Chu39 Digital citizenship 185Jiajie Lu40 Digital inclusion 188Amber Marshall41 Disability and development 192Shaun Grech42 Disaster and development 197Jeroen Warner43 Domestic violence anddevelopment 203Nata Duvvury44 Early childhood development 208Deborah A. Phillips45 Education and development 214Simon McGrath46 Energy and development 219David I. Stern47 Ester Boserup 224Marina Fischer-Kowalski48 Everyday peace 228Anthony Ware49 Faith-based organizations 234Marie Juul Petersen50 Finance and development 241Rashmi Arora51 Financial inclusion 247Mandira Sarma52 Food regimes 251Philip McMichael53 Food security 259C. Peter Timmer54 Forced migration 264Naohiko Omata55 Foreign direct investment 268Rajneesh Narula and André Pineli56 Gender and development 272Gouthami57 Gender and intersectionality 277Tanja Bastia58 Geography and the world’sdevelopment divides 279Marcin Wojciech Solarz59 Global governance 286Roni Kay O’Dell60 Global North–South 291Jean-Philippe Thérien61 Global value chains andeconomic development 296David Dollar62 Globalization and development 299Kenneth A. Reinert63 Good governance 304Anis Chowdhury64 Green economy 309Kirstie O’Neill65 Health system 314Michael Anderson and EliasMossialos66 Heritage and development 320Dobrosława Wiktor-Mach67 Human development approach 324Alexandra Fortacz andSabina Alkire68 Human Development Index 332Mark McGillivray69 Human trafficking and slavery 337James Cockayne70 Humanitarian aid 342Nazanin Zadeh-Cummings71 Immanuel Wallerstein 347Chamsy el-Ojeili72 Inclusive research 352Melanie Nind73 Indigenous peoples anddevelopment 355Janet Hunt74 Infrastructure andeconomic development 361Dan Biller75 International child sponsorship 368Brad Watson76 International MonetaryFund and the World Bank 374Dane Rowlands77 International trade andeconomic development 379Saibal Kar78 International volunteering 381Susanne Schech79 Internet governance 386Francesca Musiani80 Labour migration 391Sylvia Ang81 Land governance 394Stig Enemark82 Land grabs 399Kiah Smith83 Localization 404Kristina Roepstorff84 MDGs and SDGs 40885 Mining 412Jeannette Graulau86 Modernization 417Corinna R. Unger87 Multispecies climate justice 422Yamini Narayanan88 Multispecies poverty politics 426Yamini Narayanan89 Neoliberalism 429Nichole Georgeou andCharles Hawksley90 Open development 435Ruhiya Kristine Seward andMatthew L. Smith91 Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development 441Matthias Schmelzer92 Oxfam 446Chris Roche93 Participatory development 451Anthony Ware94 Pastoralism 455John Morton95 Plan International 460Karin Arts96 Pollution 465Andrew Farmer97 Population and development 468Tim Dyson98 Postcapitalism 473Tuomo Alhojärvi, Isaac Lyne,Pryor Placino, KatharineMcKinnon and the CommunityEconomies Collective99 Postdevelopment 479Samantha Balaton-Chrimes100 Post-neoliberalism 482Tobias Boos and Ulrich Brand101 Poverty measurement 489Sharon Bessell102 Queer development studies 494Corinne L. Mason103 Religion and development 497Séverine Deneulin104 Resilience 502Isaac Lyne, Ann Hill,Elizabeth Barron, AlisonGuzman and Ignacio Krell105 Right to development 507Anthony Ware106 Rights-based approach todevelopment 512Anthony Ware107 Rising powers 518Stephan Klingebiel108 Rural–urban migration 523Xinjie Shi and Bingyu Huangfu109 Save the Children 528Karin Arts110 Sexual and reproductivehealth and rights 532Nate Henderson111 Slow city 536Heike Mayer and Paul L. Knox112 Social enterprise 538Isaac Lyne113 Social protection 544Keetie Roelen114 Socialist ecofeminism 547Ana Isla115 South–South cooperation 553Thomas Muhr116 Stages of growth 559Rashmi Arora117 State fragility 563Nematullah Bizhan118 Subjective well-being 566Sefa Awaworyi Churchill andRussell Smyth119 Sustainable development 569Mark Diesendorf120 Sustainable livelihoods 575Kiah Smith121 Sylvia Chant 580Cathy McIlwaine122 The Belt and Road Initiative 583Jing Gu123 The humanitarian–development nexus 588Jon Harald Sande Lie124 The migration–development nexus 593Ronald Skeldon and Tanja Bastia125 The World Commission onEnvironment and Development 598Iris Borowy126 Tourism and development 603David J. Telfer127 Trade and poverty 609Paul Brenton128 Urban planning 613Patrick Brandful Cobbinah129 Waste management anddevelopment 618Sonia Maria Dias130 Women and development 623Lourdes Beneria131 World-systems theory 628Christopher Chase-Dunn132 World Trade Organization 631Kalim Siddiqui

Edited by Matthew Clarke, Pro Vice-Chancellor of Researcher Development and Alfred Deakin Professor and Xinyu (Andy) Zhao, Research Fellow, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, Deakin University, Australia

• List of contributors xAn introduction to the ElgarEncyclopedia of Development 1Matthew Clarke and Xinyu(Andy) Zhao1 Absolute poverty 4Andy Sumner2 Advocacy 7Margit van Wessel3 Affordable housing 12Carolyn Whitzman4 Agrarian change and ruraldevelopment 15Cristóbal Kay5 Aid modality 20B. Ouattara6 Amartya Sen 24Lawrence Hamilton7 Andre Gunder Frank 29Sing C. Chew8 Animal capital 36Dinesh Wadiwel9 Art and development 41Polly Stupples10 Artificial intelligence anddevelopment 46Matthew L. Smith and RuhiyaKristine Seward11 Arturo Escobar 52Kiran Asher12 Bandung and decolonization 55Narendran Kumarakulasingam13 Basic needs approach 59Kenneth A. Reinert14 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 64Bernice Yanful andAnne-Emanuelle Birn15 Bretton Woods 70Laurissa Mühlich16 BRICS 74Deborah Barros Leal Farias17 Chandra Talpade Mohanty 77Chizu Sato18 Child labour 83Dev Nathan19 Citizen aid 88Anne-Meike Fechter20 Civil society and development 90Jude Howell21 Class 95Jonathan Pattenden22 Communication for development 100Valentina Baú23 Community capacity-building 104Gary Craig24 Community development 110Gary Craig25 Conflict sensitivity and dono harm 116Anthony Ware26 Corporate social responsibility 120Paul Alexander Haslam27 Corruption and development 125Alina Mungiu-Pippidi28 Culture and development 129Keith Nurse29 Customary law 137Sandra F. Joireman30 Data justice 141Richard Heeks31 Debt 145Bruno Bonizzi and ChristinaLaskaridis32 Decent work 150Kanchana Ruwanpura33 Degrowth 155Federico Demaria34 Dependency theory 161Wil Hout35 Developing countries 166Deborah Barros Leal Farias36 Development and racial hierarchy 169Kamna Patel37 Development ethics 173Jay Drydyk38 Developmental state 180Yin-wah Chu39 Digital citizenship 185Jiajie Lu40 Digital inclusion 188Amber Marshall41 Disability and development 192Shaun Grech42 Disaster and development 197Jeroen Warner43 Domestic violence anddevelopment 203Nata Duvvury44 Early childhood development 208Deborah A. Phillips45 Education and development 214Simon McGrath46 Energy and development 219David I. Stern47 Ester Boserup 224Marina Fischer-Kowalski48 Everyday peace 228Anthony Ware49 Faith-based organizations 234Marie Juul Petersen50 Finance and development 241Rashmi Arora51 Financial inclusion 247Mandira Sarma52 Food regimes 251Philip McMichael53 Food security 259C. Peter Timmer54 Forced migration 264Naohiko Omata55 Foreign direct investment 268Rajneesh Narula and André Pineli56 Gender and development 272Gouthami57 Gender and intersectionality 277Tanja Bastia58 Geography and the world’sdevelopment divides 279Marcin Wojciech Solarz59 Global governance 286Roni Kay O’Dell60 Global North–South 291Jean-Philippe Thérien61 Global value chains andeconomic development 296David Dollar62 Globalization and development 299Kenneth A. Reinert63 Good governance 304Anis Chowdhury64 Green economy 309Kirstie O’Neill65 Health system 314Michael Anderson and EliasMossialos66 Heritage and development 320Dobrosława Wiktor-Mach67 Human development approach 324Alexandra Fortacz andSabina Alkire68 Human Development Index 332Mark McGillivray69 Human trafficking and slavery 337James Cockayne70 Humanitarian aid 342Nazanin Zadeh-Cummings71 Immanuel Wallerstein 347Chamsy el-Ojeili72 Inclusive research 352Melanie Nind73 Indigenous peoples anddevelopment 355Janet Hunt74 Infrastructure andeconomic development 361Dan Biller75 International child sponsorship 368Brad Watson76 International MonetaryFund and the World Bank 374Dane Rowlands77 International trade andeconomic development 379Saibal Kar78 International volunteering 381Susanne Schech79 Internet governance 386Francesca Musiani80 Labour migration 391Sylvia Ang81 Land governance 394Stig Enemark82 Land grabs 399Kiah Smith83 Localization 404Kristina Roepstorff84 MDGs and SDGs 40885 Mining 412Jeannette Graulau86 Modernization 417Corinna R. Unger87 Multispecies climate justice 422Yamini Narayanan88 Multispecies poverty politics 426Yamini Narayanan89 Neoliberalism 429Nichole Georgeou andCharles Hawksley90 Open development 435Ruhiya Kristine Seward andMatthew L. Smith91 Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development 441Matthias Schmelzer92 Oxfam 446Chris Roche93 Participatory development 451Anthony Ware94 Pastoralism 455John Morton95 Plan International 460Karin Arts96 Pollution 465Andrew Farmer97 Population and development 468Tim Dyson98 Postcapitalism 473Tuomo Alhojärvi, Isaac Lyne,Pryor Placino, KatharineMcKinnon and the CommunityEconomies Collective99 Postdevelopment 479Samantha Balaton-Chrimes100 Post-neoliberalism 482Tobias Boos and Ulrich Brand101 Poverty measurement 489Sharon Bessell102 Queer development studies 494Corinne L. Mason103 Religion and development 497Séverine Deneulin104 Resilience 502Isaac Lyne, Ann Hill,Elizabeth Barron, AlisonGuzman and Ignacio Krell105 Right to development 507Anthony Ware106 Rights-based approach todevelopment 512Anthony Ware107 Rising powers 518Stephan Klingebiel108 Rural–urban migration 523Xinjie Shi and Bingyu Huangfu109 Save the Children 528Karin Arts110 Sexual and reproductivehealth and rights 532Nate Henderson111 Slow city 536Heike Mayer and Paul L. Knox112 Social enterprise 538Isaac Lyne113 Social protection 544Keetie Roelen114 Socialist ecofeminism 547Ana Isla115 South–South cooperation 553Thomas Muhr116 Stages of growth 559Rashmi Arora117 State fragility 563Nematullah Bizhan118 Subjective well-being 566Sefa Awaworyi Churchill andRussell Smyth119 Sustainable development 569Mark Diesendorf120 Sustainable livelihoods 575Kiah Smith121 Sylvia Chant 580Cathy McIlwaine122 The Belt and Road Initiative 583Jing Gu123 The humanitarian–development nexus 588Jon Harald Sande Lie124 The migration–development nexus 593Ronald Skeldon and Tanja Bastia125 The World Commission onEnvironment and Development 598Iris Borowy126 Tourism and development 603David J. Telfer127 Trade and poverty 609Paul Brenton128 Urban planning 613Patrick Brandful Cobbinah129 Waste management anddevelopment 618Sonia Maria Dias130 Women and development 623Lourdes Beneria131 World-systems theory 628Christopher Chase-Dunn132 World Trade Organization 631Kalim Siddiqui