Edited by Adam Novotny, Researcher, Einar Rasmussen, Professor, Tommy H. Clausen, Professor, Nord University Business School, Norway and Johan Wiklund, The Al Berg Chair and Professor of Entrepreneurship, Whitman School of Management, Syracuse University, US

'This book successfully narrows down the broad concept of ''ecosystems'' and focuses on a more delineated context that surrounds firms when they start learning how to become independent by using available resources in their proximate environment. Readers can learn not only about SUPIEs as a multilayered system but can also indulge in exploring the effective functioning of their essential parts, such as incubators, accelerators, universities and of course start-up and spin-off firms.'--Rosa Grimaldi, University of Bologna, Italy

• Contents:Preface xiIntroduction: Helping birds to fly: Introducing start-up incubationecosystems 1Adam Novotny, Einar Rasmussen, Tommy H. Clausen, and JohanWiklundPART I HOLISTIC APPROACHES TO SUPIEs1 The role of smart specialization in providing regional strategicsupport for establishing sustainable start-up incubationecosystems 19Nhien Nguyen, Åge Mariussen, and Jens Ø. Hansen2 Incubating start-ups in entrepreneurial ecosystems:A multilevel perspective on entrepreneurial resources 40Shruti Sardeshmukh, Allan O’Connor, and Ronda Smith3 The domains of entrepreneurship support 60Tiago Ratinho4 In support of university spinoffs – what drives theorganizational design of technology transfer ecosystems? 74Matthew Good and Mirjam Knockaert5 The support system’s influence on nature-based businessstart-ups in a rural context 94Jorunn Grande and Espen Carlsson6 Transnational entrepreneurial ecosystems: The perspectives ofFinnish and Estonian born-global start-ups 110Hannes Velt, Lasse Torkkeli, and Sami Saarenketo7 A contingency approach to the incubation of new ventures inentrepreneurial ecosystems: Descriptive exploratory plots forcontinuous and survival outcomes 135Alan R. Johnson, Katherine E. Masyn, and Alexander McKelviePART II START-UP SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONS8 Organizational sponsorship: An overview of the state ofknowledge and future research directions 174Marit Breivik-Meyer9 Understanding startup development organizations in thecontext of startup incubation ecosystems 194Cristiano Bellavitis, Michael Sargent, and Carlos M. DaSilva10 Distinguishing self-sufficient business incubators in start-upincubation ecosystems 206Oliver Straub, Peter M. Bican, and Alexander Brem11 Incubators’ coopetition strategy in the start-up incubationecosystem 224Christina Theodoraki and Karim Messeghem12 A comparative analysis of USA enterprise supportorganizations for conscious capitalism and conventionalcapitalism 239Kerul Kassel, Shelley F. Mitchell, and Guénola Abord-HugonNonet13 Incubation and founders’ champion behaviour 254Are Jensen, Nhien Nguyen, and Jens Ø. Hansen14 Multinational companies’ roles in start-up incubationecosystems: The case of Microsoft Innovation Centers inBrazil 273Nadja Nordling, Elisa Thomas, Rhiannon Pugh, andRoberto Rivas Hermann15 Outsider support, firm births and outcomes 285Lars Kolvereid and Espen J. IsaksenPART III UNIVERSITY-BASED SUPIEs16 Bridging or isolating? The role of the university TechnologyTransfer Office in the start-up incubation ecosystem 299Adam Novotny17 The key drivers for emergence of an entrepreneurialecosystem – the role of brokerage, role models and inspiration 319Karolina Lesniak and Roger Sørheim18 Toward a model for universities as incubation ecosystems:Facilitating students for an entrepreneurial career 335B.W. Åmo, I.B. Pettersen, E. van der Lingen, K. Voldsund, andJ.J. Bragelien19 Individual-level determinants of academic patent licensing tostart-ups: impacts of principal investigators’ embeddednessin the industry 349Dolores Modic and Tohru Yoshioka-Kobayashi20 The university ecosystem and the internationalization ofspin-off firms 366Eva Jenny B. Jørgensen and Adam Novotny21 The academic entrepreneurship ecosystem: The role of theuniversity for societal impact of academic spin-offs 381Anders Billström22 Urban universities as a start-up ecosystem: The case ofacademic spin-offs in Milan 402Matteo Landoni23 Motivating universities to support spin-off firms: Stakeholdersand start-up incubation ecosystems 418Einar Rasmussen, Paul Benneworth, and Magnus GulbrandsenIndex 435

Edited by Adam Novotny, Researcher, Einar Rasmussen, Professor, Tommy H. Clausen, Professor, Nord University Business School, Norway and Johan Wiklund, The Al Berg Chair and Professor of Entrepreneurship, Whitman School of Management, Syracuse University, US

'This book successfully narrows down the broad concept of ''ecosystems'' and focuses on a more delineated context that surrounds firms when they start learning how to become independent by using available resources in their proximate environment. Readers can learn not only about SUPIEs as a multilayered system but can also indulge in exploring the effective functioning of their essential parts, such as incubators, accelerators, universities and of course start-up and spin-off firms.'--Rosa Grimaldi, University of Bologna, Italy

• Contents:Preface xiIntroduction: Helping birds to fly: Introducing start-up incubationecosystems 1Adam Novotny, Einar Rasmussen, Tommy H. Clausen, and JohanWiklundPART I HOLISTIC APPROACHES TO SUPIEs1 The role of smart specialization in providing regional strategicsupport for establishing sustainable start-up incubationecosystems 19Nhien Nguyen, Åge Mariussen, and Jens Ø. Hansen2 Incubating start-ups in entrepreneurial ecosystems:A multilevel perspective on entrepreneurial resources 40Shruti Sardeshmukh, Allan O’Connor, and Ronda Smith3 The domains of entrepreneurship support 60Tiago Ratinho4 In support of university spinoffs – what drives theorganizational design of technology transfer ecosystems? 74Matthew Good and Mirjam Knockaert5 The support system’s influence on nature-based businessstart-ups in a rural context 94Jorunn Grande and Espen Carlsson6 Transnational entrepreneurial ecosystems: The perspectives ofFinnish and Estonian born-global start-ups 110Hannes Velt, Lasse Torkkeli, and Sami Saarenketo7 A contingency approach to the incubation of new ventures inentrepreneurial ecosystems: Descriptive exploratory plots forcontinuous and survival outcomes 135Alan R. Johnson, Katherine E. Masyn, and Alexander McKelviePART II START-UP SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONS8 Organizational sponsorship: An overview of the state ofknowledge and future research directions 174Marit Breivik-Meyer9 Understanding startup development organizations in thecontext of startup incubation ecosystems 194Cristiano Bellavitis, Michael Sargent, and Carlos M. DaSilva10 Distinguishing self-sufficient business incubators in start-upincubation ecosystems 206Oliver Straub, Peter M. Bican, and Alexander Brem11 Incubators’ coopetition strategy in the start-up incubationecosystem 224Christina Theodoraki and Karim Messeghem12 A comparative analysis of USA enterprise supportorganizations for conscious capitalism and conventionalcapitalism 239Kerul Kassel, Shelley F. Mitchell, and Guénola Abord-HugonNonet13 Incubation and founders’ champion behaviour 254Are Jensen, Nhien Nguyen, and Jens Ø. Hansen14 Multinational companies’ roles in start-up incubationecosystems: The case of Microsoft Innovation Centers inBrazil 273Nadja Nordling, Elisa Thomas, Rhiannon Pugh, andRoberto Rivas Hermann15 Outsider support, firm births and outcomes 285Lars Kolvereid and Espen J. IsaksenPART III UNIVERSITY-BASED SUPIEs16 Bridging or isolating? The role of the university TechnologyTransfer Office in the start-up incubation ecosystem 299Adam Novotny17 The key drivers for emergence of an entrepreneurialecosystem – the role of brokerage, role models and inspiration 319Karolina Lesniak and Roger Sørheim18 Toward a model for universities as incubation ecosystems:Facilitating students for an entrepreneurial career 335B.W. Åmo, I.B. Pettersen, E. van der Lingen, K. Voldsund, andJ.J. Bragelien19 Individual-level determinants of academic patent licensing tostart-ups: impacts of principal investigators’ embeddednessin the industry 349Dolores Modic and Tohru Yoshioka-Kobayashi20 The university ecosystem and the internationalization ofspin-off firms 366Eva Jenny B. Jørgensen and Adam Novotny21 The academic entrepreneurship ecosystem: The role of theuniversity for societal impact of academic spin-offs 381Anders Billström22 Urban universities as a start-up ecosystem: The case ofacademic spin-offs in Milan 402Matteo Landoni23 Motivating universities to support spin-off firms: Stakeholdersand start-up incubation ecosystems 418Einar Rasmussen, Paul Benneworth, and Magnus GulbrandsenIndex 435

Edited by Adam Novotny, Researcher, Einar Rasmussen, Professor, Tommy H. Clausen, Professor, Nord University Business School, Norway and Johan Wiklund, The Al Berg Chair and Professor of Entrepreneurship, Whitman School of Management, Syracuse University, US

'This book successfully narrows down the broad concept of ''ecosystems'' and focuses on a more delineated context that surrounds firms when they start learning how to become independent by using available resources in their proximate environment. Readers can learn not only about SUPIEs as a multilayered system but can also indulge in exploring the effective functioning of their essential parts, such as incubators, accelerators, universities and of course start-up and spin-off firms.'--Rosa Grimaldi, University of Bologna, Italy

• Contents:Preface xiIntroduction: Helping birds to fly: Introducing start-up incubationecosystems 1Adam Novotny, Einar Rasmussen, Tommy H. Clausen, and JohanWiklundPART I HOLISTIC APPROACHES TO SUPIEs1 The role of smart specialization in providing regional strategicsupport for establishing sustainable start-up incubationecosystems 19Nhien Nguyen, Åge Mariussen, and Jens Ø. Hansen2 Incubating start-ups in entrepreneurial ecosystems:A multilevel perspective on entrepreneurial resources 40Shruti Sardeshmukh, Allan O’Connor, and Ronda Smith3 The domains of entrepreneurship support 60Tiago Ratinho4 In support of university spinoffs – what drives theorganizational design of technology transfer ecosystems? 74Matthew Good and Mirjam Knockaert5 The support system’s influence on nature-based businessstart-ups in a rural context 94Jorunn Grande and Espen Carlsson6 Transnational entrepreneurial ecosystems: The perspectives ofFinnish and Estonian born-global start-ups 110Hannes Velt, Lasse Torkkeli, and Sami Saarenketo7 A contingency approach to the incubation of new ventures inentrepreneurial ecosystems: Descriptive exploratory plots forcontinuous and survival outcomes 135Alan R. Johnson, Katherine E. Masyn, and Alexander McKelviePART II START-UP SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONS8 Organizational sponsorship: An overview of the state ofknowledge and future research directions 174Marit Breivik-Meyer9 Understanding startup development organizations in thecontext of startup incubation ecosystems 194Cristiano Bellavitis, Michael Sargent, and Carlos M. DaSilva10 Distinguishing self-sufficient business incubators in start-upincubation ecosystems 206Oliver Straub, Peter M. Bican, and Alexander Brem11 Incubators’ coopetition strategy in the start-up incubationecosystem 224Christina Theodoraki and Karim Messeghem12 A comparative analysis of USA enterprise supportorganizations for conscious capitalism and conventionalcapitalism 239Kerul Kassel, Shelley F. Mitchell, and Guénola Abord-HugonNonet13 Incubation and founders’ champion behaviour 254Are Jensen, Nhien Nguyen, and Jens Ø. Hansen14 Multinational companies’ roles in start-up incubationecosystems: The case of Microsoft Innovation Centers inBrazil 273Nadja Nordling, Elisa Thomas, Rhiannon Pugh, andRoberto Rivas Hermann15 Outsider support, firm births and outcomes 285Lars Kolvereid and Espen J. IsaksenPART III UNIVERSITY-BASED SUPIEs16 Bridging or isolating? The role of the university TechnologyTransfer Office in the start-up incubation ecosystem 299Adam Novotny17 The key drivers for emergence of an entrepreneurialecosystem – the role of brokerage, role models and inspiration 319Karolina Lesniak and Roger Sørheim18 Toward a model for universities as incubation ecosystems:Facilitating students for an entrepreneurial career 335B.W. Åmo, I.B. Pettersen, E. van der Lingen, K. Voldsund, andJ.J. Bragelien19 Individual-level determinants of academic patent licensing tostart-ups: impacts of principal investigators’ embeddednessin the industry 349Dolores Modic and Tohru Yoshioka-Kobayashi20 The university ecosystem and the internationalization ofspin-off firms 366Eva Jenny B. Jørgensen and Adam Novotny21 The academic entrepreneurship ecosystem: The role of theuniversity for societal impact of academic spin-offs 381Anders Billström22 Urban universities as a start-up ecosystem: The case ofacademic spin-offs in Milan 402Matteo Landoni23 Motivating universities to support spin-off firms: Stakeholdersand start-up incubation ecosystems 418Einar Rasmussen, Paul Benneworth, and Magnus GulbrandsenIndex 435