Edited by Daniel J. Fiorino, Department of Public Administration and Policy,School of Public Affairs, American University, Todd A. Eisenstadt, Department of Government, School of Public Affairs, American University and Manjyot Kaur Ahluwalia, Senior Fellow, Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland, US

‘The climate emergency does not allow us time to reinvent the wheel. We need to act now but also learn from previous experiences. This Encyclopedia on climate policy is a valuable resource for policymakers, interest groups, and scholars. I wish this existed when I started on climate.’

• Contents:Introduction to the ElgarEncyclopedia of Climate Policy 1Daniel J. Fiorino, Todd A.Eisenstadt and Manjyot KaurAhluwaliaPART I THEORIES,METHODS, ANDCROSS-CUTTING ISSUESAdaptation 11Lisa DellmuthThe Anthropocene 15R. S. DeeseBehavioral Economics andClimate Policy 19Mariateresa SilviCarbon Budgets 24Axel DalmanCarbon Pricing 29Barry G. RabeCollective Action andDistributive Politics 34Todd A. EisenstadtFinancial Risk Disclosure 39Paul BugalaGender and Climate Policy 44Sarah SolomonMitigation 49Todd A. EisenstadtPolitical Regimes 54Daniel J. FiorinoPolycentricity 59Mark StephanPopulism and Climate Policy 63Jens MarquardtPositive Psychology and Climate Policy 68Dorit KerretPART II EVIDENCE AND IMPACTSArctic Impacts 75Christopher KiyasehClimate Denial: The OrganizedRejection of Science and Action 80Peter J. JacquesEnvironmental and Climate Justice 85Gabriella A. SiegfriedEvolution in Scientific Understanding 90Stephen E. MacAvoyFreshwater Resources 94Abby OstovarHealth Impacts 99Margaret H. Swenson andDorothy M. DaleyJustice and Vulnerable Populations 105Yamide DagnetManaged Retreat and Climate Migration 111Jennifer Lopez and Cindy RagabOcean Impacts 117Ellycia Harrould-KolieSea Level Rise: Rising Tides,Surging Policy Agenda 123Omur Damla KuruScience, Wicked Problems, andClimate Change 128Edward P. Weber, Denise Lachand Brent S. SteelPART III KEY CONCEPTS INCLIMATE POLICYAdaptation Finance 134Laura KuhlCarbon Removal 138Simon NicholsonClimate Litigation 143Trina Chiemi, ErikaGerstenberger, and Durwood ZaelkeClimate Migration: Rights andManagement 150Khaldoun AbouAssi and CarleyA. WetedFossil Fuel Subsidies 155Jakob Skovgaard and Evan DrakeGreen Climate Economy 160Devashree SahaGreenhouse Gases/Climate Pollutants 166Caitlan Frederick, GabrielleDreyfus and Durwood ZaelkeLoss and Damage 172Lisa VanhalaNet-Zero Emissions 177Clea SchumerPublic Opinion on Climate Change 183Christopher P. BorickRenewable Energy 189Daniel J. FiorinoResilience 194Ki Eun Kang and George HomsyStranded Assets 197Hyeyoon ParkTechnology Innovation 202Jan MazurekTransnational Litigation Norms 208Steve Lorteau and Rakhyun E. KimPART IV ACTORS,INSTITUTIONS,AND AGREEMENTSCities and Climate Change 213Walter A. RosenbaumCorporate Actors: A Long andConflicting Response 218Terry F. YosieFinance for Developing Countries 224Mark PurdonIndigenous Peoples 229Karleen Jones WestMarrakech Partnership and theRole of Subnational Actors 233Manjyot Kaur AhluwaliaThe Montreal Protocol andKigali Amendment 238Amelia Murphy and Durwood ZaelkeNon-State Actors 243Katharina RietigThe UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement 248Yulia Yamineva and Niklas LötherUS States and Climate Policy 252Rebecca Bromley-TrujilloYouth Movements 256Hailey CampbellPART V SOLUTIONSSECTION I: SECTORS,POLICYAPPROACHES,AND ISSUESAgriculture and Climate Policy 262Tariro KamutiDisaster Risk Management 267Crystal A. FelimaThe Food System 272Michele J. AquinoThe Health Sector 278Mikhael G. IglesiasIn Pursuit of Net-Zero: the USInflation Reduction Act 283Karl HauskerInternational Trade Policy 289Daniel C. EstyJust Energy Transition 295Michelle GraffNet-Zero Climate Goals and theRole of Land-Use 301Kate DooleyPolicy Integration 305James A. GordonRegulatory Needs for ClimateMitigation 310Terry DaviesSECTION II: POLICIESBorder Carbon Adjustment 316Ilaria EspaCarbon Taxation 321Kathryn HarrisonCarbon trading 326Leigh RaymondInformation Disclosure asClimate Policy 332Michael P. Vandenbergh andKristian Steensen NielsenLand Use Planning 337Alexandra Malmström,Johannes Klein, Janina Käyhkö,and Sirkku K. JuholaMethane Reduction 342Walter A. RosenbaumNatural Solutions to Climate Change 346Kirstine Lund ChristiansenProduct Labels and IndividualCarbon Footprints 351Kristian Steensen Nielsen andMichael P. VandenberghRenewable Portfolio/CleanEnergy Standards 355Joshua A. BassechesSoft Law and Regulation Policies 361Sharon YadinTax Incentives 366Dawn Levy O’Donnell andJessica Valltos MyersSECTION III: TECHNOLOGIESCarbon Dioxide Capture and Storage 372Nils MarkussonDigital Climate Solutions 376Stephen HarperElectromobility 381John D. Graham and Khoi HuaGreen Hydrogen 386Daniel J. FiorinoNuclear Energy 391Michael E. KraftSolar Geoengineering 396Simon NicholsonPART VI CASE STUDIESSECTION I: NATIONALAustralia 402Peter ChristoffBangladesh 408Tawfique M. Haque and ParvezHasan YousufBrazil: Oscillating ClimatePolicies and Dependence on thePresident (2003–2023) 412Matías Franchini, EduardoViola and Ana MauadCanada 418George HobergChina 423Joanna I. LewisEuropean Union 428Anthony R. ZitoSmall Island States 433Crystal A. FelimaSouth Korea 438Hyeyoon ParkUnited States 443Michael E. KraftSECTION II: SUBNATIONALCalifornia 450David VogelDenver 455Stephen Harper and AlexanderJ.P. GrantSouth African Municipalities 460Anél du Plessis and Maricélle BotesTexas 465David Spence

Edited by Daniel J. Fiorino, Department of Public Administration and Policy,School of Public Affairs, American University, Todd A. Eisenstadt, Department of Government, School of Public Affairs, American University and Manjyot Kaur Ahluwalia, Senior Fellow, Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland, US

‘The climate emergency does not allow us time to reinvent the wheel. We need to act now but also learn from previous experiences. This Encyclopedia on climate policy is a valuable resource for policymakers, interest groups, and scholars. I wish this existed when I started on climate.’

• Contents:Introduction to the ElgarEncyclopedia of Climate Policy 1Daniel J. Fiorino, Todd A.Eisenstadt and Manjyot KaurAhluwaliaPART I THEORIES,METHODS, ANDCROSS-CUTTING ISSUESAdaptation 11Lisa DellmuthThe Anthropocene 15R. S. DeeseBehavioral Economics andClimate Policy 19Mariateresa SilviCarbon Budgets 24Axel DalmanCarbon Pricing 29Barry G. RabeCollective Action andDistributive Politics 34Todd A. EisenstadtFinancial Risk Disclosure 39Paul BugalaGender and Climate Policy 44Sarah SolomonMitigation 49Todd A. EisenstadtPolitical Regimes 54Daniel J. FiorinoPolycentricity 59Mark StephanPopulism and Climate Policy 63Jens MarquardtPositive Psychology and Climate Policy 68Dorit KerretPART II EVIDENCE AND IMPACTSArctic Impacts 75Christopher KiyasehClimate Denial: The OrganizedRejection of Science and Action 80Peter J. JacquesEnvironmental and Climate Justice 85Gabriella A. SiegfriedEvolution in Scientific Understanding 90Stephen E. MacAvoyFreshwater Resources 94Abby OstovarHealth Impacts 99Margaret H. Swenson andDorothy M. DaleyJustice and Vulnerable Populations 105Yamide DagnetManaged Retreat and Climate Migration 111Jennifer Lopez and Cindy RagabOcean Impacts 117Ellycia Harrould-KolieSea Level Rise: Rising Tides,Surging Policy Agenda 123Omur Damla KuruScience, Wicked Problems, andClimate Change 128Edward P. Weber, Denise Lachand Brent S. SteelPART III KEY CONCEPTS INCLIMATE POLICYAdaptation Finance 134Laura KuhlCarbon Removal 138Simon NicholsonClimate Litigation 143Trina Chiemi, ErikaGerstenberger, and Durwood ZaelkeClimate Migration: Rights andManagement 150Khaldoun AbouAssi and CarleyA. WetedFossil Fuel Subsidies 155Jakob Skovgaard and Evan DrakeGreen Climate Economy 160Devashree SahaGreenhouse Gases/Climate Pollutants 166Caitlan Frederick, GabrielleDreyfus and Durwood ZaelkeLoss and Damage 172Lisa VanhalaNet-Zero Emissions 177Clea SchumerPublic Opinion on Climate Change 183Christopher P. BorickRenewable Energy 189Daniel J. FiorinoResilience 194Ki Eun Kang and George HomsyStranded Assets 197Hyeyoon ParkTechnology Innovation 202Jan MazurekTransnational Litigation Norms 208Steve Lorteau and Rakhyun E. KimPART IV ACTORS,INSTITUTIONS,AND AGREEMENTSCities and Climate Change 213Walter A. RosenbaumCorporate Actors: A Long andConflicting Response 218Terry F. YosieFinance for Developing Countries 224Mark PurdonIndigenous Peoples 229Karleen Jones WestMarrakech Partnership and theRole of Subnational Actors 233Manjyot Kaur AhluwaliaThe Montreal Protocol andKigali Amendment 238Amelia Murphy and Durwood ZaelkeNon-State Actors 243Katharina RietigThe UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement 248Yulia Yamineva and Niklas LötherUS States and Climate Policy 252Rebecca Bromley-TrujilloYouth Movements 256Hailey CampbellPART V SOLUTIONSSECTION I: SECTORS,POLICYAPPROACHES,AND ISSUESAgriculture and Climate Policy 262Tariro KamutiDisaster Risk Management 267Crystal A. FelimaThe Food System 272Michele J. AquinoThe Health Sector 278Mikhael G. IglesiasIn Pursuit of Net-Zero: the USInflation Reduction Act 283Karl HauskerInternational Trade Policy 289Daniel C. EstyJust Energy Transition 295Michelle GraffNet-Zero Climate Goals and theRole of Land-Use 301Kate DooleyPolicy Integration 305James A. GordonRegulatory Needs for ClimateMitigation 310Terry DaviesSECTION II: POLICIESBorder Carbon Adjustment 316Ilaria EspaCarbon Taxation 321Kathryn HarrisonCarbon trading 326Leigh RaymondInformation Disclosure asClimate Policy 332Michael P. Vandenbergh andKristian Steensen NielsenLand Use Planning 337Alexandra Malmström,Johannes Klein, Janina Käyhkö,and Sirkku K. JuholaMethane Reduction 342Walter A. RosenbaumNatural Solutions to Climate Change 346Kirstine Lund ChristiansenProduct Labels and IndividualCarbon Footprints 351Kristian Steensen Nielsen andMichael P. VandenberghRenewable Portfolio/CleanEnergy Standards 355Joshua A. BassechesSoft Law and Regulation Policies 361Sharon YadinTax Incentives 366Dawn Levy O’Donnell andJessica Valltos MyersSECTION III: TECHNOLOGIESCarbon Dioxide Capture and Storage 372Nils MarkussonDigital Climate Solutions 376Stephen HarperElectromobility 381John D. Graham and Khoi HuaGreen Hydrogen 386Daniel J. FiorinoNuclear Energy 391Michael E. KraftSolar Geoengineering 396Simon NicholsonPART VI CASE STUDIESSECTION I: NATIONALAustralia 402Peter ChristoffBangladesh 408Tawfique M. Haque and ParvezHasan YousufBrazil: Oscillating ClimatePolicies and Dependence on thePresident (2003–2023) 412Matías Franchini, EduardoViola and Ana MauadCanada 418George HobergChina 423Joanna I. LewisEuropean Union 428Anthony R. ZitoSmall Island States 433Crystal A. FelimaSouth Korea 438Hyeyoon ParkUnited States 443Michael E. KraftSECTION II: SUBNATIONALCalifornia 450David VogelDenver 455Stephen Harper and AlexanderJ.P. GrantSouth African Municipalities 460Anél du Plessis and Maricélle BotesTexas 465David Spence

Edited by Daniel J. Fiorino, Department of Public Administration and Policy,School of Public Affairs, American University, Todd A. Eisenstadt, Department of Government, School of Public Affairs, American University and Manjyot Kaur Ahluwalia, Senior Fellow, Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland, US

‘The climate emergency does not allow us time to reinvent the wheel. We need to act now but also learn from previous experiences. This Encyclopedia on climate policy is a valuable resource for policymakers, interest groups, and scholars. I wish this existed when I started on climate.’

• Contents:Introduction to the ElgarEncyclopedia of Climate Policy 1Daniel J. Fiorino, Todd A.Eisenstadt and Manjyot KaurAhluwaliaPART I THEORIES,METHODS, ANDCROSS-CUTTING ISSUESAdaptation 11Lisa DellmuthThe Anthropocene 15R. S. DeeseBehavioral Economics andClimate Policy 19Mariateresa SilviCarbon Budgets 24Axel DalmanCarbon Pricing 29Barry G. RabeCollective Action andDistributive Politics 34Todd A. EisenstadtFinancial Risk Disclosure 39Paul BugalaGender and Climate Policy 44Sarah SolomonMitigation 49Todd A. EisenstadtPolitical Regimes 54Daniel J. FiorinoPolycentricity 59Mark StephanPopulism and Climate Policy 63Jens MarquardtPositive Psychology and Climate Policy 68Dorit KerretPART II EVIDENCE AND IMPACTSArctic Impacts 75Christopher KiyasehClimate Denial: The OrganizedRejection of Science and Action 80Peter J. JacquesEnvironmental and Climate Justice 85Gabriella A. SiegfriedEvolution in Scientific Understanding 90Stephen E. MacAvoyFreshwater Resources 94Abby OstovarHealth Impacts 99Margaret H. Swenson andDorothy M. DaleyJustice and Vulnerable Populations 105Yamide DagnetManaged Retreat and Climate Migration 111Jennifer Lopez and Cindy RagabOcean Impacts 117Ellycia Harrould-KolieSea Level Rise: Rising Tides,Surging Policy Agenda 123Omur Damla KuruScience, Wicked Problems, andClimate Change 128Edward P. Weber, Denise Lachand Brent S. SteelPART III KEY CONCEPTS INCLIMATE POLICYAdaptation Finance 134Laura KuhlCarbon Removal 138Simon NicholsonClimate Litigation 143Trina Chiemi, ErikaGerstenberger, and Durwood ZaelkeClimate Migration: Rights andManagement 150Khaldoun AbouAssi and CarleyA. WetedFossil Fuel Subsidies 155Jakob Skovgaard and Evan DrakeGreen Climate Economy 160Devashree SahaGreenhouse Gases/Climate Pollutants 166Caitlan Frederick, GabrielleDreyfus and Durwood ZaelkeLoss and Damage 172Lisa VanhalaNet-Zero Emissions 177Clea SchumerPublic Opinion on Climate Change 183Christopher P. BorickRenewable Energy 189Daniel J. FiorinoResilience 194Ki Eun Kang and George HomsyStranded Assets 197Hyeyoon ParkTechnology Innovation 202Jan MazurekTransnational Litigation Norms 208Steve Lorteau and Rakhyun E. KimPART IV ACTORS,INSTITUTIONS,AND AGREEMENTSCities and Climate Change 213Walter A. RosenbaumCorporate Actors: A Long andConflicting Response 218Terry F. YosieFinance for Developing Countries 224Mark PurdonIndigenous Peoples 229Karleen Jones WestMarrakech Partnership and theRole of Subnational Actors 233Manjyot Kaur AhluwaliaThe Montreal Protocol andKigali Amendment 238Amelia Murphy and Durwood ZaelkeNon-State Actors 243Katharina RietigThe UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement 248Yulia Yamineva and Niklas LötherUS States and Climate Policy 252Rebecca Bromley-TrujilloYouth Movements 256Hailey CampbellPART V SOLUTIONSSECTION I: SECTORS,POLICYAPPROACHES,AND ISSUESAgriculture and Climate Policy 262Tariro KamutiDisaster Risk Management 267Crystal A. FelimaThe Food System 272Michele J. AquinoThe Health Sector 278Mikhael G. IglesiasIn Pursuit of Net-Zero: the USInflation Reduction Act 283Karl HauskerInternational Trade Policy 289Daniel C. EstyJust Energy Transition 295Michelle GraffNet-Zero Climate Goals and theRole of Land-Use 301Kate DooleyPolicy Integration 305James A. GordonRegulatory Needs for ClimateMitigation 310Terry DaviesSECTION II: POLICIESBorder Carbon Adjustment 316Ilaria EspaCarbon Taxation 321Kathryn HarrisonCarbon trading 326Leigh RaymondInformation Disclosure asClimate Policy 332Michael P. Vandenbergh andKristian Steensen NielsenLand Use Planning 337Alexandra Malmström,Johannes Klein, Janina Käyhkö,and Sirkku K. JuholaMethane Reduction 342Walter A. RosenbaumNatural Solutions to Climate Change 346Kirstine Lund ChristiansenProduct Labels and IndividualCarbon Footprints 351Kristian Steensen Nielsen andMichael P. VandenberghRenewable Portfolio/CleanEnergy Standards 355Joshua A. BassechesSoft Law and Regulation Policies 361Sharon YadinTax Incentives 366Dawn Levy O’Donnell andJessica Valltos MyersSECTION III: TECHNOLOGIESCarbon Dioxide Capture and Storage 372Nils MarkussonDigital Climate Solutions 376Stephen HarperElectromobility 381John D. Graham and Khoi HuaGreen Hydrogen 386Daniel J. FiorinoNuclear Energy 391Michael E. KraftSolar Geoengineering 396Simon NicholsonPART VI CASE STUDIESSECTION I: NATIONALAustralia 402Peter ChristoffBangladesh 408Tawfique M. Haque and ParvezHasan YousufBrazil: Oscillating ClimatePolicies and Dependence on thePresident (2003–2023) 412Matías Franchini, EduardoViola and Ana MauadCanada 418George HobergChina 423Joanna I. LewisEuropean Union 428Anthony R. ZitoSmall Island States 433Crystal A. FelimaSouth Korea 438Hyeyoon ParkUnited States 443Michael E. KraftSECTION II: SUBNATIONALCalifornia 450David VogelDenver 455Stephen Harper and AlexanderJ.P. GrantSouth African Municipalities 460Anél du Plessis and Maricélle BotesTexas 465David Spence