Edited by Cristiano Antonelli, Professor of Economics, Department of Economics and Statistics "Cognetti de Martiis", University of Torino and Fellow, Collegio Carlo Alberto, Italy

‘In the past 75 years the study of the origins and economic consequences of innovation has grown well beyond the imagination of the pioneers in the field. This volume of contributions is a grand testament to the present scale and diversity of understanding in this challenging field. Here the reader can sense the deep complexity of innovation processes in terms of the prevailing incentives to innovate, the resources required to innovate, the capabilities to innovate and, most important of all, the creative opportunities to innovate; all to be understood within a penumbra of organisations, instituted rules and public policies that shape and constrain. The richness and diversity of the topics is manifest but, just as importantly, they are unified by the sense of placing innovation processes within worlds of knowledge and economic activity that are open, creative, interacting systems that are forever generating challenges to the status quo. Anyone who is interested in one of the great economic and social questions of our time, namely, how wealth emerges from human knowing, will find sustenance and challenge aplenty in this fine volume.’

• Contents:The economics of knowledge and innovation as emerging system properties 1Cristiano Antonelli1 Barriers to innovation 13Diego de Moraes Silva and Nicholas S. Vonortas2 Blockchain as a new digital paradigm 23Martin Cimiterra and Jackie Krafft3 Capitalization of knowledge 32Agnieszka Gehringer4 “Coevolution” (in innovative economic systems) 40Isabel Almudi and Francisco Fatas-Villafranca5 Combinatorial and differentiated knowledge bases – contributions to(regional) innovation studies and policy 47Bjørn T. Asheim6 Competent demand 55Agnieszka Gehringer7 The contribution of universities to business innovation 63Federica Rossi8 Creative response in economic history 72Josef Taalbi9 Defining innovation 82Paul Stoneman10 Darwin’s ideas and their mixed reception in evolutionary economics 89Gabriel Yoguel and Verónica Robert11 The economics of clusters 99Jérôme Vicente12 Economics of knowledge codification 109W. Edward Steinmueller13 Economists’ analyses of technological change 116F.M. Scherer14 Effects of organizational innovation 121Brian P. Cozzarin15 Entrepreneurial ecosystems 128Nicholas S. Vonortas16 Environmental regulation as a stimulus for eco-innovation 138Valeria Costantini17 External engagement of academics 147Cornelia Lawson18 Financing constraints for innovation 154Hanna Hottenrott19 Frugal innovation with the lens of economics analysis 158Christian Le Bas20 Green technological change 166Francesco Quatraro21 High-growth firms 173Alex Coad22 ICT contribution to growth measurement: do we miss a lot? 178Gilbert Cette and Vincenzo Spiezia23 The impact of biomedical innovation on longevity and health 187Frank R. Lichtenberg24 Induced technological change 200Christophe Feder25 Industrial dynamics 208Bo Carlsson26 Innovation and circular economy: an analytical viewpoint 215Christian Le Bas27 Innovation persistence 222Francesco Crespi, Miriam Ruggiero and Giuseppe Scellato28 Innovation policy 230Jan Fagerberg29 Innovation and trade 237Claudio Fassio30 Innovation systems and their contribution to understanding innovationand economic growth 245Bo Carlsson31 Innovation and wealth creation 252G.M. Peter Swann32 Intellectual property protection, innovation, and knowledge diffusion 265Mehmet Ugur33 Intentionality and complexity 272Félix-Fernando Muñoz34 Intentionality and innovation 278Félix-Fernando Muñoz35 International intellectual property agreements and organizations 285James A. Brander36 Knowledge base, firm performance and innovation networks 292Pierpaolo Saviotti37 Knowledge externalities and the financing of innovation 303Mehmet Ugur38 Knowledge spillovers 311Adam B. Jaffe39 The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship 318David B. Audretsch and Erik E. Lehmann40 Learning, innovation, and economic development by latecomers 326Keun Lee41 Localized technological change 333Kristiaan Kerstens, Jens Krüger and Zhiyang Shen42 Measuring innovation 342Paul Stoneman43 National systems of innovation 351Bengt-Åke Lundvall44 Non-R&D innovation 359You-Na Lee and John P. Walsh45 Patent citations 365Adam B. Jaffe46 Patent fees 373Lena Kalukuta Mahina and Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie47 Patent policy and innovation 382Ruchi Sharma48 Patent systems 390Elise Petit and Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie49 The platform as an organizational innovation for complex systems 399Pier Paolo Patrucco50 Recombinant knowledge and innovation 408Matthias Müller and Andreas Pyka51 R&D tax incentives 416Pierre Mohnen52 Research and development subsidies 421Hanna Hottenrott53 Returns to R&D 426Pierre Mohnen54 Sarewitz–Nelson Rules (for innovative choice and technology policy) 432Isabel Almudi and Francisco Fatas-Villafranca55 Schumpeterian oligopolistic rivalry 439Ruchi Sharma56 Scientific ideas and innovative behavior 446Albert N. Link57 Skilled migration and innovation 453Claudio Fassio58 Technological capability accumulation 461Gabriela Dutrénit59 Technological change and employment 469Marco Vivarelli60 Technological systems and development blocks 478Josef Taalbi61 Technology catch-up 488Alenka Guzmán62 Towards an idea-led theory of the firm 497Patrick Cohendet, Olivier Dupouët, Raouf Naggar and Romain Rampa63 Training and innovation 507Brian P. Cozzarin64 Value chain perspectives on innovation-to-performance linkages 515Stephen Roper65 Venture capital finance of innovation 522James A. Brander66 What prevents spillovers from the pool of knowledge? 529Hans Lööf

Edited by Cristiano Antonelli, Professor of Economics, Department of Economics and Statistics "Cognetti de Martiis", University of Torino and Fellow, Collegio Carlo Alberto, Italy

‘In the past 75 years the study of the origins and economic consequences of innovation has grown well beyond the imagination of the pioneers in the field. This volume of contributions is a grand testament to the present scale and diversity of understanding in this challenging field. Here the reader can sense the deep complexity of innovation processes in terms of the prevailing incentives to innovate, the resources required to innovate, the capabilities to innovate and, most important of all, the creative opportunities to innovate; all to be understood within a penumbra of organisations, instituted rules and public policies that shape and constrain. The richness and diversity of the topics is manifest but, just as importantly, they are unified by the sense of placing innovation processes within worlds of knowledge and economic activity that are open, creative, interacting systems that are forever generating challenges to the status quo. Anyone who is interested in one of the great economic and social questions of our time, namely, how wealth emerges from human knowing, will find sustenance and challenge aplenty in this fine volume.’

• Contents:The economics of knowledge and innovation as emerging system properties 1Cristiano Antonelli1 Barriers to innovation 13Diego de Moraes Silva and Nicholas S. Vonortas2 Blockchain as a new digital paradigm 23Martin Cimiterra and Jackie Krafft3 Capitalization of knowledge 32Agnieszka Gehringer4 “Coevolution” (in innovative economic systems) 40Isabel Almudi and Francisco Fatas-Villafranca5 Combinatorial and differentiated knowledge bases – contributions to(regional) innovation studies and policy 47Bjørn T. Asheim6 Competent demand 55Agnieszka Gehringer7 The contribution of universities to business innovation 63Federica Rossi8 Creative response in economic history 72Josef Taalbi9 Defining innovation 82Paul Stoneman10 Darwin’s ideas and their mixed reception in evolutionary economics 89Gabriel Yoguel and Verónica Robert11 The economics of clusters 99Jérôme Vicente12 Economics of knowledge codification 109W. Edward Steinmueller13 Economists’ analyses of technological change 116F.M. Scherer14 Effects of organizational innovation 121Brian P. Cozzarin15 Entrepreneurial ecosystems 128Nicholas S. Vonortas16 Environmental regulation as a stimulus for eco-innovation 138Valeria Costantini17 External engagement of academics 147Cornelia Lawson18 Financing constraints for innovation 154Hanna Hottenrott19 Frugal innovation with the lens of economics analysis 158Christian Le Bas20 Green technological change 166Francesco Quatraro21 High-growth firms 173Alex Coad22 ICT contribution to growth measurement: do we miss a lot? 178Gilbert Cette and Vincenzo Spiezia23 The impact of biomedical innovation on longevity and health 187Frank R. Lichtenberg24 Induced technological change 200Christophe Feder25 Industrial dynamics 208Bo Carlsson26 Innovation and circular economy: an analytical viewpoint 215Christian Le Bas27 Innovation persistence 222Francesco Crespi, Miriam Ruggiero and Giuseppe Scellato28 Innovation policy 230Jan Fagerberg29 Innovation and trade 237Claudio Fassio30 Innovation systems and their contribution to understanding innovationand economic growth 245Bo Carlsson31 Innovation and wealth creation 252G.M. Peter Swann32 Intellectual property protection, innovation, and knowledge diffusion 265Mehmet Ugur33 Intentionality and complexity 272Félix-Fernando Muñoz34 Intentionality and innovation 278Félix-Fernando Muñoz35 International intellectual property agreements and organizations 285James A. Brander36 Knowledge base, firm performance and innovation networks 292Pierpaolo Saviotti37 Knowledge externalities and the financing of innovation 303Mehmet Ugur38 Knowledge spillovers 311Adam B. Jaffe39 The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship 318David B. Audretsch and Erik E. Lehmann40 Learning, innovation, and economic development by latecomers 326Keun Lee41 Localized technological change 333Kristiaan Kerstens, Jens Krüger and Zhiyang Shen42 Measuring innovation 342Paul Stoneman43 National systems of innovation 351Bengt-Åke Lundvall44 Non-R&D innovation 359You-Na Lee and John P. Walsh45 Patent citations 365Adam B. Jaffe46 Patent fees 373Lena Kalukuta Mahina and Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie47 Patent policy and innovation 382Ruchi Sharma48 Patent systems 390Elise Petit and Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie49 The platform as an organizational innovation for complex systems 399Pier Paolo Patrucco50 Recombinant knowledge and innovation 408Matthias Müller and Andreas Pyka51 R&D tax incentives 416Pierre Mohnen52 Research and development subsidies 421Hanna Hottenrott53 Returns to R&D 426Pierre Mohnen54 Sarewitz–Nelson Rules (for innovative choice and technology policy) 432Isabel Almudi and Francisco Fatas-Villafranca55 Schumpeterian oligopolistic rivalry 439Ruchi Sharma56 Scientific ideas and innovative behavior 446Albert N. Link57 Skilled migration and innovation 453Claudio Fassio58 Technological capability accumulation 461Gabriela Dutrénit59 Technological change and employment 469Marco Vivarelli60 Technological systems and development blocks 478Josef Taalbi61 Technology catch-up 488Alenka Guzmán62 Towards an idea-led theory of the firm 497Patrick Cohendet, Olivier Dupouët, Raouf Naggar and Romain Rampa63 Training and innovation 507Brian P. Cozzarin64 Value chain perspectives on innovation-to-performance linkages 515Stephen Roper65 Venture capital finance of innovation 522James A. Brander66 What prevents spillovers from the pool of knowledge? 529Hans Lööf