Edited by Arti K. Rai, Elvin R. Latty Professor of Law, Duke Law School, Durham, US

‘Arti Rai is a wise and pithy scholar of patent jurisprudence. She is an insightful futurist of intellectual property, showing great insight about the implications of new technologies – such as information technology, biotechnology, pharmacogenomics, and synthetic biology. Arti Rai is also a lucid and persuasive advocate of the necessity for patent law reform. This authoritative and carefully researched volume will be essential reading.’

• Contents:AcknowledgementsIntroduction Arti K. Rai PART I THE LAW AND ECONOMICS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY PATENTS: FIRST PRINCIPLES A. Foundational Technologies 1. Edmund W. Kitch (1977), ‘The Nature and Function of the Patent System’ 2. Robert P. Merges and Richard R. Nelson (1990), ‘On the Complex Economics of Patent Scope’B. Anti-commons 3. Michael A. Heller and Rebecca S. Eisenberg (1998), ‘Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anti Commons in Biomedical Research’4. John P. Walsh, Ashish Arora and Wesley M. Cohen (2003), ‘Working Through the Patent Problem’ 5. Fiona Murray and Scott Stern (2007), ‘Do Formal Intellectual Property Rights Hinder the Free Flow of Scientific Knowledge? An Empirical Test of the Anti-commons Hypothesis’ 6. Chris Holman (2006) ’Clearing a Path Through the Patent Thicket’C. Patents and Industrial Organization 7. Ashish Arora and Robert P. Merges (2004), ‘Specialised Supply Firms, Property Rights and Firm Boundaries’PART II ADDRESSING TRANSACTION COSTS: THE ROLE OF THE UTILITY REQUIREMENT8. John M. Golden (2001), ‘Biotechnology, Technology Policy, and Patentability: Natural Products and Invention in the American System’PART III THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS: BIOTECHNOLOGY PATENTS AND THE FEDERAL CIRCUIT9. Arti K. Rai (1999), ‘Intellectual Property Rights in Biotechnology: Addressing New Technology’10. Dan L. Burk and Mark A. Lemley (2002), ‘Is Patent Law Technology-Specific?’PART IV PATENTABLE SUBJECT MATTER11. Kevin Emerson Collins (2007), ‘Propertizing Thought’PART V EXPERIMENTAL USE12. Janice M. Mueller (2001), ‘No ‘’Dilettante Affair’’: Rethinking the Experimental Use Exception to Patent Infringement for Biomedical Research Tools’PART VI THE ROLE OF SECRECY AND PHYSICAL EXCLUDABILITY13. John P. Walsh, Wesley M. Cohen and Charlene Cho (2007), ‘Where Excludability Matters: Material Versus Intellectual Property in Academic Biomedical Research’ PART VII COMMERCIALIZATION OF PUBLICLY FUNDED RESEARCH 14. Richard Jensen and Marie Thursby (2001), ‘Proofs and Prototypes for Sale: The Licensing of University Inventions’15. Arti K. Rai and Rebecca S. Eisenberg (2003), ‘Bayh-Dole Reform and the Progress of Biomedicine’PART VIII INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND CONSUMER ACCESS 16. Robert Cook-Deegan, Subhashini Chandrasekharan and Misha Angrist (2009), ‘The Dangers of Diagnostic Monopolies’17. Henry G. Grabowski, David B. Ridley and Kevin A. Schulman (2007), ‘Entry and Competition in Generic Biologics’Name Index

Edited by Arti K. Rai, Elvin R. Latty Professor of Law, Duke Law School, Durham, US

‘Arti Rai is a wise and pithy scholar of patent jurisprudence. She is an insightful futurist of intellectual property, showing great insight about the implications of new technologies – such as information technology, biotechnology, pharmacogenomics, and synthetic biology. Arti Rai is also a lucid and persuasive advocate of the necessity for patent law reform. This authoritative and carefully researched volume will be essential reading.’

• Contents:AcknowledgementsIntroduction Arti K. Rai PART I THE LAW AND ECONOMICS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY PATENTS: FIRST PRINCIPLES A. Foundational Technologies 1. Edmund W. Kitch (1977), ‘The Nature and Function of the Patent System’ 2. Robert P. Merges and Richard R. Nelson (1990), ‘On the Complex Economics of Patent Scope’B. Anti-commons 3. Michael A. Heller and Rebecca S. Eisenberg (1998), ‘Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anti Commons in Biomedical Research’4. John P. Walsh, Ashish Arora and Wesley M. Cohen (2003), ‘Working Through the Patent Problem’ 5. Fiona Murray and Scott Stern (2007), ‘Do Formal Intellectual Property Rights Hinder the Free Flow of Scientific Knowledge? An Empirical Test of the Anti-commons Hypothesis’ 6. Chris Holman (2006) ’Clearing a Path Through the Patent Thicket’C. Patents and Industrial Organization 7. Ashish Arora and Robert P. Merges (2004), ‘Specialised Supply Firms, Property Rights and Firm Boundaries’PART II ADDRESSING TRANSACTION COSTS: THE ROLE OF THE UTILITY REQUIREMENT8. John M. Golden (2001), ‘Biotechnology, Technology Policy, and Patentability: Natural Products and Invention in the American System’PART III THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS: BIOTECHNOLOGY PATENTS AND THE FEDERAL CIRCUIT9. Arti K. Rai (1999), ‘Intellectual Property Rights in Biotechnology: Addressing New Technology’10. Dan L. Burk and Mark A. Lemley (2002), ‘Is Patent Law Technology-Specific?’PART IV PATENTABLE SUBJECT MATTER11. Kevin Emerson Collins (2007), ‘Propertizing Thought’PART V EXPERIMENTAL USE12. Janice M. Mueller (2001), ‘No ‘’Dilettante Affair’’: Rethinking the Experimental Use Exception to Patent Infringement for Biomedical Research Tools’PART VI THE ROLE OF SECRECY AND PHYSICAL EXCLUDABILITY13. John P. Walsh, Wesley M. Cohen and Charlene Cho (2007), ‘Where Excludability Matters: Material Versus Intellectual Property in Academic Biomedical Research’ PART VII COMMERCIALIZATION OF PUBLICLY FUNDED RESEARCH 14. Richard Jensen and Marie Thursby (2001), ‘Proofs and Prototypes for Sale: The Licensing of University Inventions’15. Arti K. Rai and Rebecca S. Eisenberg (2003), ‘Bayh-Dole Reform and the Progress of Biomedicine’PART VIII INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND CONSUMER ACCESS 16. Robert Cook-Deegan, Subhashini Chandrasekharan and Misha Angrist (2009), ‘The Dangers of Diagnostic Monopolies’17. Henry G. Grabowski, David B. Ridley and Kevin A. Schulman (2007), ‘Entry and Competition in Generic Biologics’Name Index

Edited by Arti K. Rai, Elvin R. Latty Professor of Law, Duke Law School, Durham, US

‘Arti Rai is a wise and pithy scholar of patent jurisprudence. She is an insightful futurist of intellectual property, showing great insight about the implications of new technologies – such as information technology, biotechnology, pharmacogenomics, and synthetic biology. Arti Rai is also a lucid and persuasive advocate of the necessity for patent law reform. This authoritative and carefully researched volume will be essential reading.’

• Contents:AcknowledgementsIntroduction Arti K. Rai PART I THE LAW AND ECONOMICS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY PATENTS: FIRST PRINCIPLES A. Foundational Technologies 1. Edmund W. Kitch (1977), ‘The Nature and Function of the Patent System’ 2. Robert P. Merges and Richard R. Nelson (1990), ‘On the Complex Economics of Patent Scope’B. Anti-commons 3. Michael A. Heller and Rebecca S. Eisenberg (1998), ‘Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anti Commons in Biomedical Research’4. John P. Walsh, Ashish Arora and Wesley M. Cohen (2003), ‘Working Through the Patent Problem’ 5. Fiona Murray and Scott Stern (2007), ‘Do Formal Intellectual Property Rights Hinder the Free Flow of Scientific Knowledge? An Empirical Test of the Anti-commons Hypothesis’ 6. Chris Holman (2006) ’Clearing a Path Through the Patent Thicket’C. Patents and Industrial Organization 7. Ashish Arora and Robert P. Merges (2004), ‘Specialised Supply Firms, Property Rights and Firm Boundaries’PART II ADDRESSING TRANSACTION COSTS: THE ROLE OF THE UTILITY REQUIREMENT8. John M. Golden (2001), ‘Biotechnology, Technology Policy, and Patentability: Natural Products and Invention in the American System’PART III THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS: BIOTECHNOLOGY PATENTS AND THE FEDERAL CIRCUIT9. Arti K. Rai (1999), ‘Intellectual Property Rights in Biotechnology: Addressing New Technology’10. Dan L. Burk and Mark A. Lemley (2002), ‘Is Patent Law Technology-Specific?’PART IV PATENTABLE SUBJECT MATTER11. Kevin Emerson Collins (2007), ‘Propertizing Thought’PART V EXPERIMENTAL USE12. Janice M. Mueller (2001), ‘No ‘’Dilettante Affair’’: Rethinking the Experimental Use Exception to Patent Infringement for Biomedical Research Tools’PART VI THE ROLE OF SECRECY AND PHYSICAL EXCLUDABILITY13. John P. Walsh, Wesley M. Cohen and Charlene Cho (2007), ‘Where Excludability Matters: Material Versus Intellectual Property in Academic Biomedical Research’ PART VII COMMERCIALIZATION OF PUBLICLY FUNDED RESEARCH 14. Richard Jensen and Marie Thursby (2001), ‘Proofs and Prototypes for Sale: The Licensing of University Inventions’15. Arti K. Rai and Rebecca S. Eisenberg (2003), ‘Bayh-Dole Reform and the Progress of Biomedicine’PART VIII INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND CONSUMER ACCESS 16. Robert Cook-Deegan, Subhashini Chandrasekharan and Misha Angrist (2009), ‘The Dangers of Diagnostic Monopolies’17. Henry G. Grabowski, David B. Ridley and Kevin A. Schulman (2007), ‘Entry and Competition in Generic Biologics’Name Index