Mari-Liis Jakobson is Associate Professor of Political Sociology at Tallinn University, Estonia. Her research interests relate to the politics of migration and citizenship. In 2014, she defended her PhD, Citizenship in Transformation: Political Agency in the Context of Migrant Transnationalism. She has served as a Visiting Fellow at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES) at University College London, UK (2014) and as the Juris Padegs Research Fellow at the Yale MacMillan Center, Yale University, USA (2019-2020). In 2016–19, she worked as a researcher for the Estonian national contact point of the European Migration Network and, since 2018, has served as a country expert for the Global Citizenship Observatory GLOBALCIT and as a member of various national working groups on migration and transnationalism policy.Russell King is Professor of Geography at the University of Sussex and Visiting Professor in Migration Studies at Malmö University. At Sussex he was the founding director of the Sussex Centre for Migration Research, and edited the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies from 2001 to 2013. He has a forty-year experience of researching and writing about migration, including thematic specialisms in return migration, international retirement migration, student and youth mobilities, and migration and development. His regional interests are primarily in Europe, especially Southern Europe and the Western Balkans. He has been involved in several large-scale European projects on migration, including heading the Sussex involvement in MIRNet, upon which this book is based. Laura Moroşanu is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Sussex, UK, where she is a member of the Sussex Centre for Migration Research and Associate Editor of the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Her research interests include migrant networks, identities, and work trajectories, which she has explored in the context of intra-European migration. Laura has published in prominent sociology and migration journals, and recently co-authored the book Young EU Migrants in London in the Transition to Brexit (with Aija Lulle and Russell King). As well as her involvement in MIRNet, the Horizon 2020 Migration Network, she has been co-investigator in two other major European projects under the H2020 programme: ‘YMOBILITY’, on youth mobilities in Europe, 2015–18; and ‘TRAFIG’, on transnational figurations of displacement, 2019–22.Raivo Vetik is Professor of Comparative Politics at Tallinn University, Estonia, since 2001, and is the overall co-ordinator of the MIRNet consortium. He earned his first PhD, from the Latvian Academy of Sciences, in Political Philosophy in 1989 and a second PhD in Political Science from Tampere University in Finland in 1999. During the period 1998–2008 he served as Director of the Institute of International and Social Studies at Tallinn University. Raivo has been five times editor-in-chief of the Estonian Human Development Reports in the years 1999–2015 and was the founding editor of the journal Studies in Transition States and Societies. Since 1998 he has frequently served as a consultant to the Estonian government on issues relating to immigrant integration and he headed a research group compiling integration monitors of Estonian society, commissioned by the Estonian Ministry of Culture. Raivo has led or participated in numerous EU research projects under FP4, FP5 and FP6 devoted to migration and integration issues, including the highly successful ‘TIES’ project, The Integration of the European Second Generation.

• 1. Migration and Integration in Turbulent Times  (Mari-Liis Jakobson, Russell King, Laura Moroşanu, Raivo Vetik).- Part 1. Migrants’ Perspectives.- 2. Dis-Embedding or Re-Embedding? Exploring Migrants’ Responses in Contexts of ‘Unsettling Events’ (Louise Ryan).- 3. Migration Strategies at the Time of a Crisis: Asylum Applicants in Finland (Joni Virkkunen, Saara Koikkalainen, Minna Piipponen).- 4. Adapting to the New Normality: The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Seasonal Migration from Albania (Bresena Kopliku, Erka Çaro).- 5. Left to Their Own Devices: Refugees’ Labour-Market Integration Challenges in Austria During the Covid-19 Pandemic (Petra Aigner, Almina Bešić).- 6. LGBTQ+ Forced Migrants: Precarious Experiences of Arrival and Settlement in Wales  (Ourania Vamvaka-Tatsi).- 7. Disrupted Mobilities: British-Bangladeshis Visiting their Friends and Relatives during the Global Pandemic  (Md Farid Miah).- Part 2. Perspectives from Host Societies.- 8. Different Systems, Similar Responses: Policy Reforms on Asylum-Seekers’ and Refugees’ Access to Healthcare in Germany and Sweden in the Wake of the 2015–17 ‘Migration Crisis’ (Mechthild Roos).- 9. The Assimilationist Drift of Italian Jurisprudence on Integration in the Years of the ‘Refugee Crisis’  (Giovanni Cavaggion).- 10. Covid-19 and the Politics of Migration Policy in Estonia (Leif Kalev).- 11. Immigrants as the 'Antagonists'? Populism, Negative Emotions and Anti-Immigrant Attitudes in Ecuador (Sebastián Umpierrez de Reguero, Santiago González-Paredes, Ingrid Ríos Rivera).- 12. The Mediatisation of Migration Issues during the ‘Refugee Crisis’: A Comparative Case-Study of the UK, Denmark and Germany (Sevgi Temizisler).- 13. Who is the Worst Migrant? Migrant Hierarchies in Populist Radical-Right Rhetoric in Estonia (Katrina Koppel, Mari-Liis Jakobson).- 14. Migration and (De)Securitisation Dynamics at the Local Level: Discourses and Practices in South Tyrol (Andrea Carlà).

Mari-Liis Jakobson is Associate Professor of Political Sociology at Tallinn University, Estonia. Her research interests relate to the politics of migration and citizenship. In 2014, she defended her PhD, Citizenship in Transformation: Political Agency in the Context of Migrant Transnationalism. She has served as a Visiting Fellow at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES) at University College London, UK (2014) and as the Juris Padegs Research Fellow at the Yale MacMillan Center, Yale University, USA (2019-2020). In 2016–19, she worked as a researcher for the Estonian national contact point of the European Migration Network and, since 2018, has served as a country expert for the Global Citizenship Observatory GLOBALCIT and as a member of various national working groups on migration and transnationalism policy.Russell King is Professor of Geography at the University of Sussex and Visiting Professor in Migration Studies at Malmö University. At Sussex he was the founding director of the Sussex Centre for Migration Research, and edited the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies from 2001 to 2013. He has a forty-year experience of researching and writing about migration, including thematic specialisms in return migration, international retirement migration, student and youth mobilities, and migration and development. His regional interests are primarily in Europe, especially Southern Europe and the Western Balkans. He has been involved in several large-scale European projects on migration, including heading the Sussex involvement in MIRNet, upon which this book is based. Laura Moroşanu is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Sussex, UK, where she is a member of the Sussex Centre for Migration Research and Associate Editor of the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Her research interests include migrant networks, identities, and work trajectories, which she has explored in the context of intra-European migration. Laura has published in prominent sociology and migration journals, and recently co-authored the book Young EU Migrants in London in the Transition to Brexit (with Aija Lulle and Russell King). As well as her involvement in MIRNet, the Horizon 2020 Migration Network, she has been co-investigator in two other major European projects under the H2020 programme: ‘YMOBILITY’, on youth mobilities in Europe, 2015–18; and ‘TRAFIG’, on transnational figurations of displacement, 2019–22.Raivo Vetik is Professor of Comparative Politics at Tallinn University, Estonia, since 2001, and is the overall co-ordinator of the MIRNet consortium. He earned his first PhD, from the Latvian Academy of Sciences, in Political Philosophy in 1989 and a second PhD in Political Science from Tampere University in Finland in 1999. During the period 1998–2008 he served as Director of the Institute of International and Social Studies at Tallinn University. Raivo has been five times editor-in-chief of the Estonian Human Development Reports in the years 1999–2015 and was the founding editor of the journal Studies in Transition States and Societies. Since 1998 he has frequently served as a consultant to the Estonian government on issues relating to immigrant integration and he headed a research group compiling integration monitors of Estonian society, commissioned by the Estonian Ministry of Culture. Raivo has led or participated in numerous EU research projects under FP4, FP5 and FP6 devoted to migration and integration issues, including the highly successful ‘TIES’ project, The Integration of the European Second Generation.

• 1. Migration and Integration in Turbulent Times  (Mari-Liis Jakobson, Russell King, Laura Moroşanu, Raivo Vetik).- Part 1. Migrants’ Perspectives.- 2. Dis-Embedding or Re-Embedding? Exploring Migrants’ Responses in Contexts of ‘Unsettling Events’ (Louise Ryan).- 3. Migration Strategies at the Time of a Crisis: Asylum Applicants in Finland (Joni Virkkunen, Saara Koikkalainen, Minna Piipponen).- 4. Adapting to the New Normality: The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Seasonal Migration from Albania (Bresena Kopliku, Erka Çaro).- 5. Left to Their Own Devices: Refugees’ Labour-Market Integration Challenges in Austria During the Covid-19 Pandemic (Petra Aigner, Almina Bešić).- 6. LGBTQ+ Forced Migrants: Precarious Experiences of Arrival and Settlement in Wales  (Ourania Vamvaka-Tatsi).- 7. Disrupted Mobilities: British-Bangladeshis Visiting their Friends and Relatives during the Global Pandemic  (Md Farid Miah).- Part 2. Perspectives from Host Societies.- 8. Different Systems, Similar Responses: Policy Reforms on Asylum-Seekers’ and Refugees’ Access to Healthcare in Germany and Sweden in the Wake of the 2015–17 ‘Migration Crisis’ (Mechthild Roos).- 9. The Assimilationist Drift of Italian Jurisprudence on Integration in the Years of the ‘Refugee Crisis’  (Giovanni Cavaggion).- 10. Covid-19 and the Politics of Migration Policy in Estonia (Leif Kalev).- 11. Immigrants as the 'Antagonists'? Populism, Negative Emotions and Anti-Immigrant Attitudes in Ecuador (Sebastián Umpierrez de Reguero, Santiago González-Paredes, Ingrid Ríos Rivera).- 12. The Mediatisation of Migration Issues during the ‘Refugee Crisis’: A Comparative Case-Study of the UK, Denmark and Germany (Sevgi Temizisler).- 13. Who is the Worst Migrant? Migrant Hierarchies in Populist Radical-Right Rhetoric in Estonia (Katrina Koppel, Mari-Liis Jakobson).- 14. Migration and (De)Securitisation Dynamics at the Local Level: Discourses and Practices in South Tyrol (Andrea Carlà).

Mari-Liis Jakobson is Associate Professor of Political Sociology at Tallinn University, Estonia. Her research interests relate to the politics of migration and citizenship. In 2014, she defended her PhD, Citizenship in Transformation: Political Agency in the Context of Migrant Transnationalism. She has served as a Visiting Fellow at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES) at University College London, UK (2014) and as the Juris Padegs Research Fellow at the Yale MacMillan Center, Yale University, USA (2019-2020). In 2016–19, she worked as a researcher for the Estonian national contact point of the European Migration Network and, since 2018, has served as a country expert for the Global Citizenship Observatory GLOBALCIT and as a member of various national working groups on migration and transnationalism policy.Russell King is Professor of Geography at the University of Sussex and Visiting Professor in Migration Studies at Malmö University. At Sussex he was the founding director of the Sussex Centre for Migration Research, and edited the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies from 2001 to 2013. He has a forty-year experience of researching and writing about migration, including thematic specialisms in return migration, international retirement migration, student and youth mobilities, and migration and development. His regional interests are primarily in Europe, especially Southern Europe and the Western Balkans. He has been involved in several large-scale European projects on migration, including heading the Sussex involvement in MIRNet, upon which this book is based. Laura Moroşanu is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Sussex, UK, where she is a member of the Sussex Centre for Migration Research and Associate Editor of the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Her research interests include migrant networks, identities, and work trajectories, which she has explored in the context of intra-European migration. Laura has published in prominent sociology and migration journals, and recently co-authored the book Young EU Migrants in London in the Transition to Brexit (with Aija Lulle and Russell King). As well as her involvement in MIRNet, the Horizon 2020 Migration Network, she has been co-investigator in two other major European projects under the H2020 programme: ‘YMOBILITY’, on youth mobilities in Europe, 2015–18; and ‘TRAFIG’, on transnational figurations of displacement, 2019–22.Raivo Vetik is Professor of Comparative Politics at Tallinn University, Estonia, since 2001, and is the overall co-ordinator of the MIRNet consortium. He earned his first PhD, from the Latvian Academy of Sciences, in Political Philosophy in 1989 and a second PhD in Political Science from Tampere University in Finland in 1999. During the period 1998–2008 he served as Director of the Institute of International and Social Studies at Tallinn University. Raivo has been five times editor-in-chief of the Estonian Human Development Reports in the years 1999–2015 and was the founding editor of the journal Studies in Transition States and Societies. Since 1998 he has frequently served as a consultant to the Estonian government on issues relating to immigrant integration and he headed a research group compiling integration monitors of Estonian society, commissioned by the Estonian Ministry of Culture. Raivo has led or participated in numerous EU research projects under FP4, FP5 and FP6 devoted to migration and integration issues, including the highly successful ‘TIES’ project, The Integration of the European Second Generation.

• 1. Migration and Integration in Turbulent Times  (Mari-Liis Jakobson, Russell King, Laura Moroşanu, Raivo Vetik).- Part 1. Migrants’ Perspectives.- 2. Dis-Embedding or Re-Embedding? Exploring Migrants’ Responses in Contexts of ‘Unsettling Events’ (Louise Ryan).- 3. Migration Strategies at the Time of a Crisis: Asylum Applicants in Finland (Joni Virkkunen, Saara Koikkalainen, Minna Piipponen).- 4. Adapting to the New Normality: The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Seasonal Migration from Albania (Bresena Kopliku, Erka Çaro).- 5. Left to Their Own Devices: Refugees’ Labour-Market Integration Challenges in Austria During the Covid-19 Pandemic (Petra Aigner, Almina Bešić).- 6. LGBTQ+ Forced Migrants: Precarious Experiences of Arrival and Settlement in Wales  (Ourania Vamvaka-Tatsi).- 7. Disrupted Mobilities: British-Bangladeshis Visiting their Friends and Relatives during the Global Pandemic  (Md Farid Miah).- Part 2. Perspectives from Host Societies.- 8. Different Systems, Similar Responses: Policy Reforms on Asylum-Seekers’ and Refugees’ Access to Healthcare in Germany and Sweden in the Wake of the 2015–17 ‘Migration Crisis’ (Mechthild Roos).- 9. The Assimilationist Drift of Italian Jurisprudence on Integration in the Years of the ‘Refugee Crisis’  (Giovanni Cavaggion).- 10. Covid-19 and the Politics of Migration Policy in Estonia (Leif Kalev).- 11. Immigrants as the 'Antagonists'? Populism, Negative Emotions and Anti-Immigrant Attitudes in Ecuador (Sebastián Umpierrez de Reguero, Santiago González-Paredes, Ingrid Ríos Rivera).- 12. The Mediatisation of Migration Issues during the ‘Refugee Crisis’: A Comparative Case-Study of the UK, Denmark and Germany (Sevgi Temizisler).- 13. Who is the Worst Migrant? Migrant Hierarchies in Populist Radical-Right Rhetoric in Estonia (Katrina Koppel, Mari-Liis Jakobson).- 14. Migration and (De)Securitisation Dynamics at the Local Level: Discourses and Practices in South Tyrol (Andrea Carlà).