Alexandre Fortes is a Full Professor of Contemporary History at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. Previously, he was a Mellon Visiting Professor in the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies at Duke University in the USA.

• 1: The Second World War in Brazilian history: From the background to the forefront.- 2: Total war, international systems, and social change.- 3: Pragmatic nationalism amidst global uncertainty.- 4: “Improving the race”: Tropical eugenics in times of Nazi triumph.- 5: The Estado Novo and the quest for the “Brazilian ethnic type”.- 6: The 1942 Anti-Axis demonstrations: Taking to the streets.- 7: Brazil under the racist gaze of the Allies.- 8: Antifascism and racial democracy.- 9: Soldiers of production and builders of a new country.- 10: Reframing citizenship for a new world order.- 11: “National union” and class struggle.- 12: Patriots at the ballot box.- 13: Conclusion.

Alexandre Fortes is a Full Professor of Contemporary History at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. Previously, he was a Mellon Visiting Professor in the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies at Duke University in the USA.

• 1: The Second World War in Brazilian history: From the background to the forefront.- 2: Total war, international systems, and social change.- 3: Pragmatic nationalism amidst global uncertainty.- 4: “Improving the race”: Tropical eugenics in times of Nazi triumph.- 5: The Estado Novo and the quest for the “Brazilian ethnic type”.- 6: The 1942 Anti-Axis demonstrations: Taking to the streets.- 7: Brazil under the racist gaze of the Allies.- 8: Antifascism and racial democracy.- 9: Soldiers of production and builders of a new country.- 10: Reframing citizenship for a new world order.- 11: “National union” and class struggle.- 12: Patriots at the ballot box.- 13: Conclusion.

Alexandre Fortes is a Full Professor of Contemporary History at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. Previously, he was a Mellon Visiting Professor in the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies at Duke University in the USA.

• 1: The Second World War in Brazilian history: From the background to the forefront.- 2: Total war, international systems, and social change.- 3: Pragmatic nationalism amidst global uncertainty.- 4: “Improving the race”: Tropical eugenics in times of Nazi triumph.- 5: The Estado Novo and the quest for the “Brazilian ethnic type”.- 6: The 1942 Anti-Axis demonstrations: Taking to the streets.- 7: Brazil under the racist gaze of the Allies.- 8: Antifascism and racial democracy.- 9: Soldiers of production and builders of a new country.- 10: Reframing citizenship for a new world order.- 11: “National union” and class struggle.- 12: Patriots at the ballot box.- 13: Conclusion.