This book explores the creation and legacy of the Treaty of Lausanne, which marked the end of the First World War in the Near East, as well as the end of the old Eastern Question. It deals with the role, political and legal, of the Treaty in the international system, its effects on the national policies of the Great Powers and of regional States, the impact of economic issues and oil diplomacy, along with its social repercussions in the compulsory exchange of Greek and Turkish populations. The book brings together historians, political scientists, experts on international relations, and scholars of international law to cast new light on the shaping of the contemporary Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East, and the interaction between the regional and the global. It is valuable resource for academics and practitioners focused on all these areas of study.