This book features a selection of works presented at the 4th International Conference on Biogeosciences in a unified framework. It focuses on the physical and mathematical modeling of natural processes and environments at different spatial and temporal scales. To accomplish such an interdisciplinary task, contents are grouped according to the planetary “spheres”: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. It is also presented a part on the development and application of algorithms and technologies for Biogeosciences.