Dr. R.J. Shephard, C.M., is Professor Emeritus of Applied Physiology in the Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education at the University of Toronto, and a consultant in Exercise Sciences. He was Director of the School of Physical and Health Education (now the Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education) at the University of Toronto for twelve years (1979-1991), and also served as Director of the University of Toronto Graduate Programme in Exercise Sciences from 1964 to 1985.During a varied career in the health sciences, he also served as a consultant to the Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, the Toronto Rehabilitation Centre, the Directorate of Active Living, Health & Welfare Canada, and the University of Québec (Trois Rivières). He has held academic appointments in the Dept. of Physiology and the Institute of Medical Sciences at the University of Toronto, the Centre des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Québec à Trois Rivières, and the Hôpital Pitié Salpetrière, Université de Paris, and was Canadian Tire Acceptance Limited Resident Scholar in Health Studies at Brock University from 1994 to 1998.Prior to moving to Toronto in 1964, he held appointments in the Department of Cardiology (Guy’s Hospital, University of London), the High Altitude Research Unit of the R.A.F. Institute of Aviation Medicine, the Department of Preventive Medicine (University of Cincinnati) and the Applied Physiology section of the U.K. Chemical DefenceExperimental Establishment (Porton Down, U.K.).He holds four scientific and medical degrees from London University (B.Sc., M.B.B.S., Ph.D. and M.D.) and honorary doctorates from the University of Toronto, Gent University (Belgium), the Université de Montréal, the Université de Québec à Trois Rivières, and the University of Guelph, together with the Honour Award of the Canadian Society of Exercise Physiology, the Honor Award and a Citation from the American College of Sports Medicine, and the Honor Award of the North American Society for Pediatric Exercise Medicine.  He has been a President of the Canadian Association of Sports Sciences, a President of the American College of Sports Medicine, Editor-in-Chief of the Year Book of Sports Medicine, founding editor of the Exercise Immunology Review, Editor in Chief of the Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, Associate Editor of the International Journal of Sports Medicine, and a member of the Editorial Board of many other journals. He was appointed to the Order of Canada in 2014, in recognition of "his pioneering work in the field of exercise science and for promoting the health benefits of physical activity to Canadians."As a part of his research into many facets of the physiology, biochemistry and immunology of health, fitness, exercise and sport, he has been author, part-author or editor of some 100 books covering these topics in relation to able-bodied individuals and those with various types of clinical disability, and he has published some 2000 scientific papers on related issues.

"This large volume is a compendium of short, well-cited facts about health and fitness and lifestyles, supplemented with figures. ... This book gives readers a very good understanding of the evolution of health and fitness in various regions of the world, along with cultural and religious aspects. It will primarily be useful to advanced students or researchers. Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals." (A. H. Goldfarb, Choice, Vol. 52 (12), August, 2015)

• Chapter 1: Health and Fitness in Prehistory, Including Inferences from the Current Lifestyle of Indigenous Populations.- Chapter 2: Examples of Early City Life from Ancient Assyria, Babylon, Egypt, Israel, India and China: Health as a Gift of the Gods.- Chapter 3: Legacies of the Classical Era: Minoa, Greece and Rome; a Recognition of Material Causes of Poor Health and Fitness.- Chapter 4: The Middle Ages: Monasteries, Medical Schools and the Dawn of State Health Care.- Chapter 5: The Renaissance: The Dawn of Scientific Enquiry into Health and Fitness.- Chapter 6: The Enlightenment: The Impact of Reason and Religion upon Health and Fitness in a Period of Urban Growth and Industrialization.- Chapter 7: The Victorian Era: The Birth of Scientific Societies and Blossoming of Public Health.- Chapter 8: The Modern Era: Blossoming of the Olympic Movement and the Conquest of Acute Disease.- Chapter 9: The Post-Modern Era: Chronic Disease and the Onslaught upon a Sedentary Lifestyle.- Chapter 10: Future Directions in Health and Fitness.

Dr. R.J. Shephard, C.M., is Professor Emeritus of Applied Physiology in the Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education at the University of Toronto, and a consultant in Exercise Sciences. He was Director of the School of Physical and Health Education (now the Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education) at the University of Toronto for twelve years (1979-1991), and also served as Director of the University of Toronto Graduate Programme in Exercise Sciences from 1964 to 1985.During a varied career in the health sciences, he also served as a consultant to the Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, the Toronto Rehabilitation Centre, the Directorate of Active Living, Health & Welfare Canada, and the University of Québec (Trois Rivières). He has held academic appointments in the Dept. of Physiology and the Institute of Medical Sciences at the University of Toronto, the Centre des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Québec à Trois Rivières, and the Hôpital Pitié Salpetrière, Université de Paris, and was Canadian Tire Acceptance Limited Resident Scholar in Health Studies at Brock University from 1994 to 1998.Prior to moving to Toronto in 1964, he held appointments in the Department of Cardiology (Guy’s Hospital, University of London), the High Altitude Research Unit of the R.A.F. Institute of Aviation Medicine, the Department of Preventive Medicine (University of Cincinnati) and the Applied Physiology section of the U.K. Chemical DefenceExperimental Establishment (Porton Down, U.K.).He holds four scientific and medical degrees from London University (B.Sc., M.B.B.S., Ph.D. and M.D.) and honorary doctorates from the University of Toronto, Gent University (Belgium), the Université de Montréal, the Université de Québec à Trois Rivières, and the University of Guelph, together with the Honour Award of the Canadian Society of Exercise Physiology, the Honor Award and a Citation from the American College of Sports Medicine, and the Honor Award of the North American Society for Pediatric Exercise Medicine.  He has been a President of the Canadian Association of Sports Sciences, a President of the American College of Sports Medicine, Editor-in-Chief of the Year Book of Sports Medicine, founding editor of the Exercise Immunology Review, Editor in Chief of the Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, Associate Editor of the International Journal of Sports Medicine, and a member of the Editorial Board of many other journals. He was appointed to the Order of Canada in 2014, in recognition of "his pioneering work in the field of exercise science and for promoting the health benefits of physical activity to Canadians."As a part of his research into many facets of the physiology, biochemistry and immunology of health, fitness, exercise and sport, he has been author, part-author or editor of some 100 books covering these topics in relation to able-bodied individuals and those with various types of clinical disability, and he has published some 2000 scientific papers on related issues.

"This large volume is a compendium of short, well-cited facts about health and fitness and lifestyles, supplemented with figures. ... This book gives readers a very good understanding of the evolution of health and fitness in various regions of the world, along with cultural and religious aspects. It will primarily be useful to advanced students or researchers. Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals." (A. H. Goldfarb, Choice, Vol. 52 (12), August, 2015)

• Chapter 1: Health and Fitness in Prehistory, Including Inferences from the Current Lifestyle of Indigenous Populations.- Chapter 2: Examples of Early City Life from Ancient Assyria, Babylon, Egypt, Israel, India and China: Health as a Gift of the Gods.- Chapter 3: Legacies of the Classical Era: Minoa, Greece and Rome; a Recognition of Material Causes of Poor Health and Fitness.- Chapter 4: The Middle Ages: Monasteries, Medical Schools and the Dawn of State Health Care.- Chapter 5: The Renaissance: The Dawn of Scientific Enquiry into Health and Fitness.- Chapter 6: The Enlightenment: The Impact of Reason and Religion upon Health and Fitness in a Period of Urban Growth and Industrialization.- Chapter 7: The Victorian Era: The Birth of Scientific Societies and Blossoming of Public Health.- Chapter 8: The Modern Era: Blossoming of the Olympic Movement and the Conquest of Acute Disease.- Chapter 9: The Post-Modern Era: Chronic Disease and the Onslaught upon a Sedentary Lifestyle.- Chapter 10: Future Directions in Health and Fitness.

Dr. R.J. Shephard, C.M., is Professor Emeritus of Applied Physiology in the Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education at the University of Toronto, and a consultant in Exercise Sciences. He was Director of the School of Physical and Health Education (now the Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education) at the University of Toronto for twelve years (1979-1991), and also served as Director of the University of Toronto Graduate Programme in Exercise Sciences from 1964 to 1985.During a varied career in the health sciences, he also served as a consultant to the Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, the Toronto Rehabilitation Centre, the Directorate of Active Living, Health & Welfare Canada, and the University of Québec (Trois Rivières). He has held academic appointments in the Dept. of Physiology and the Institute of Medical Sciences at the University of Toronto, the Centre des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Québec à Trois Rivières, and the Hôpital Pitié Salpetrière, Université de Paris, and was Canadian Tire Acceptance Limited Resident Scholar in Health Studies at Brock University from 1994 to 1998.Prior to moving to Toronto in 1964, he held appointments in the Department of Cardiology (Guy’s Hospital, University of London), the High Altitude Research Unit of the R.A.F. Institute of Aviation Medicine, the Department of Preventive Medicine (University of Cincinnati) and the Applied Physiology section of the U.K. Chemical DefenceExperimental Establishment (Porton Down, U.K.).He holds four scientific and medical degrees from London University (B.Sc., M.B.B.S., Ph.D. and M.D.) and honorary doctorates from the University of Toronto, Gent University (Belgium), the Université de Montréal, the Université de Québec à Trois Rivières, and the University of Guelph, together with the Honour Award of the Canadian Society of Exercise Physiology, the Honor Award and a Citation from the American College of Sports Medicine, and the Honor Award of the North American Society for Pediatric Exercise Medicine.  He has been a President of the Canadian Association of Sports Sciences, a President of the American College of Sports Medicine, Editor-in-Chief of the Year Book of Sports Medicine, founding editor of the Exercise Immunology Review, Editor in Chief of the Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, Associate Editor of the International Journal of Sports Medicine, and a member of the Editorial Board of many other journals. He was appointed to the Order of Canada in 2014, in recognition of "his pioneering work in the field of exercise science and for promoting the health benefits of physical activity to Canadians."As a part of his research into many facets of the physiology, biochemistry and immunology of health, fitness, exercise and sport, he has been author, part-author or editor of some 100 books covering these topics in relation to able-bodied individuals and those with various types of clinical disability, and he has published some 2000 scientific papers on related issues.

"This large volume is a compendium of short, well-cited facts about health and fitness and lifestyles, supplemented with figures. ... This book gives readers a very good understanding of the evolution of health and fitness in various regions of the world, along with cultural and religious aspects. It will primarily be useful to advanced students or researchers. Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals." (A. H. Goldfarb, Choice, Vol. 52 (12), August, 2015)

• Chapter 1: Health and Fitness in Prehistory, Including Inferences from the Current Lifestyle of Indigenous Populations.- Chapter 2: Examples of Early City Life from Ancient Assyria, Babylon, Egypt, Israel, India and China: Health as a Gift of the Gods.- Chapter 3: Legacies of the Classical Era: Minoa, Greece and Rome; a Recognition of Material Causes of Poor Health and Fitness.- Chapter 4: The Middle Ages: Monasteries, Medical Schools and the Dawn of State Health Care.- Chapter 5: The Renaissance: The Dawn of Scientific Enquiry into Health and Fitness.- Chapter 6: The Enlightenment: The Impact of Reason and Religion upon Health and Fitness in a Period of Urban Growth and Industrialization.- Chapter 7: The Victorian Era: The Birth of Scientific Societies and Blossoming of Public Health.- Chapter 8: The Modern Era: Blossoming of the Olympic Movement and the Conquest of Acute Disease.- Chapter 9: The Post-Modern Era: Chronic Disease and the Onslaught upon a Sedentary Lifestyle.- Chapter 10: Future Directions in Health and Fitness.