Steven Serels holds a joint appointment as Research Fellow at the Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Regionalstudien at Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany, and as Visiting Scholar at Harvard University’s Center for Middle Eastern Studies, USA. His first monograph is titled Starvation and the State: Famine, Slavery, and Power in Sudan, 1883–1956 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).

• 1. Introduction: Becoming Poor.- 2. Survival by Conversion, 1640–1840.- 3. Divided and Conquered, 1840–1883.- 4. War, Disease, Famine, Destruction, 1883–1893.- 5. An Unequal Recovery, 1893–1913.- 6. The Cost of Living Becomes Unaffordable, 1913–1945.- 7. Conclusion: Being Poor.

Steven Serels holds a joint appointment as Research Fellow at the Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Regionalstudien at Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany, and as Visiting Scholar at Harvard University’s Center for Middle Eastern Studies, USA. His first monograph is titled Starvation and the State: Famine, Slavery, and Power in Sudan, 1883–1956 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).

• 1. Introduction: Becoming Poor.- 2. Survival by Conversion, 1640–1840.- 3. Divided and Conquered, 1840–1883.- 4. War, Disease, Famine, Destruction, 1883–1893.- 5. An Unequal Recovery, 1893–1913.- 6. The Cost of Living Becomes Unaffordable, 1913–1945.- 7. Conclusion: Being Poor.

Steven Serels holds a joint appointment as Research Fellow at the Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Regionalstudien at Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany, and as Visiting Scholar at Harvard University’s Center for Middle Eastern Studies, USA. His first monograph is titled Starvation and the State: Famine, Slavery, and Power in Sudan, 1883–1956 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).

• 1. Introduction: Becoming Poor.- 2. Survival by Conversion, 1640–1840.- 3. Divided and Conquered, 1840–1883.- 4. War, Disease, Famine, Destruction, 1883–1893.- 5. An Unequal Recovery, 1893–1913.- 6. The Cost of Living Becomes Unaffordable, 1913–1945.- 7. Conclusion: Being Poor.