Lin Feng received the Ph.D. degree in Micro/Nano Systems from Nagoya University, Japan, in 2014. He is currently a Professor with the School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University. His current research focuses on optoelectronic tweezer-based micro/nano control systems, intelligent microrobots, and biomanufacturing, with applications in cancer targeted therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Menglu Tan is a postdoctoral fellow in the School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation at Beihang University. She received her Ph.D. at the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2022. Her current research focuses on deep learning applied to optoelectronic tweezer images and medical imaging. Ao Wang received his Ph.D. degree from the School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University. His research mainly focuses on optoelectronic tweezer-based micro/nano manipulation and the interaction mechanisms between particles under multi-physical field coupling. Jiaying Zhang is a Chief Technician at the Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital. She earned Ph.D. in synthetic biology from Tsinghua University in 2020, and later completed postdoctoral research in the School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation at Beihang University. Her present research is centered on the development of small nucleic acid drugs for targeted tumor therapy.

• Preface ix1 Introduction 11.1 History Background and Brief Overview 11.2 Importance and Applications in Various Fields 9References 102 Fundamentals of Optoelectronic Tweezers 132.1 Types of OET Device 132.1.1 Conventional OET Device 132.1.2 Photovoltaic OET Device 152.2 Working Mechanisms 162.2.1 Dielectrophoretic Effect 182.2.2 Electrophoretic Effect 202.2.3 Electroosmotic Effect 212.2.4 Electrothermal Effect 222.2.5 Finite Element Simulation Analysis 23References 253 Optics and Light Source 293.1 Optics Involved in Optoelectronic Tweezers 293.1.1 Principle of Lens Imaging 293.1.2 Optical Aberration 343.1.2.1 Defocus 343.1.2.2 Spherical Aberration 353.1.2.3 Coma 373.1.2.4 Astigmatism 383.1.2.5 Field Curvature 403.1.2.6 Image Distortion 413.1.2.7 Chromatic or Color Aberration 423.2 Light Source and Characteristics 443.2.1 Lcd 443.2.2 Dmd 463.2.3 LCoS 473.2.4 Led 483.2.5 Laser 503.2.6 Mercury-Vapor Lamp 51References 534 Electro-optical Interactions 554.1 Interaction Between Light and Electric Fields 554.1.1 Photoelectric Effect 554.1.2 Photoconductive Effect 564.1.3 Photoelectric Conversion 574.2 Selection and Preparation of Photoelectric Materials 604.2.1 Selection of Photoelectric Materials in OET Chip 604.2.2 Photoelectric Material Preparation Technology 614.2.3 Preparation of Amorphous Silicon Materials 614.2.4 Preparation of a Cadmium Sulfide Photoelectric Film 634.2.4.1 Electrochemical Plating 644.2.4.2 Chemical Plating 654.2.5 Preparation of TiOPc 654.2.6 Micro-well Array Photolithography 664.2.7 Characterization of Photoelectric Film Properties 694.2.7.1 Structure and Morphology Characterization 694.2.7.2 Optical Characterization 704.2.7.3 Electrical Properties 72References 735 Experimental Techniques and Setups 755.1 Overview of Experimental Setup 755.2 Detailed Description of the Optoelectronic Tweezer Device 775.2.1 Optical Path Design 775.2.2 Optical Path Simulation 815.2.3 Experimental Control Strategy Design 825.2.4 System Construction 845.3 Advanced OET Product Introduction 895.4 Common Challenges and Solutions 925.4.1 Hardware System 925.4.2 Software System 94References 966 Applications in Biology 996.1 Manipulation of Biological Entities 996.1.1 Cell Sorting 996.1.2 Cell Trapping 1086.2 Biomedical Applications and Advancements 1146.2.1 Immunoreaction Analysis 1146.2.2 Cell Analysis 1176.2.3 Cell Lysis 1196.2.4 Commercial Application 121References 1237 Applications in Physics and Materials Science 1297.1 Manipulation of Microparticles 1297.2 Manipulation of Nanoparticles 1327.2.1 Nanoparticles 1327.2.2 Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes 1337.2.3 Nanowires 1357.3 Manipulation of Droplet 1377.4 Manipulation of Micromachines 139References 1408 Integration with Other Technologies 1438.1 Integration with Microfluidics 1438.2 Photocuring Technology 1518.3 Electrowetting Technology 1528.3.1 Digital Microfluidics 1528.3.2 Optoelectrowetting Technology 1538.4 Image Recognition 1548.4.1 Trajectory Planning 1548.4.2 Measurement of Various Cell Parameters 157References 1599 Case Studies and Experiments 1619.1 In-Depth Analysis of Notable Experiments 1619.1.1 Detection of Single B Cells Producing RBD-Neutralizing Antibodies 1619.1.2 Assuring Clonality of Single Cell Development 1639.1.3 Isolation of RH5-Specific B Cells 1659.1.4 Screening of Antibody-Secreting Single B Cells 1689.1.5 Development of CAR Cell Library and CAR Screening 1689.2 Case Studies Showcasing Diverse Applications 171References 17810 Challenges and Future Directions 18110.1 Current Challenges 18110.2 Innovation and Ongoing Research 18210.3 Future Development Direction and Suggestions 183References 184Index 187

Lin Feng received the Ph.D. degree in Micro/Nano Systems from Nagoya University, Japan, in 2014. He is currently a Professor with the School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University. His current research focuses on optoelectronic tweezer-based micro/nano control systems, intelligent microrobots, and biomanufacturing, with applications in cancer targeted therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Menglu Tan is a postdoctoral fellow in the School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation at Beihang University. She received her Ph.D. at the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2022. Her current research focuses on deep learning applied to optoelectronic tweezer images and medical imaging. Ao Wang received his Ph.D. degree from the School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University. His research mainly focuses on optoelectronic tweezer-based micro/nano manipulation and the interaction mechanisms between particles under multi-physical field coupling. Jiaying Zhang is a Chief Technician at the Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital. She earned Ph.D. in synthetic biology from Tsinghua University in 2020, and later completed postdoctoral research in the School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation at Beihang University. Her present research is centered on the development of small nucleic acid drugs for targeted tumor therapy.

• Preface ix1 Introduction 11.1 History Background and Brief Overview 11.2 Importance and Applications in Various Fields 9References 102 Fundamentals of Optoelectronic Tweezers 132.1 Types of OET Device 132.1.1 Conventional OET Device 132.1.2 Photovoltaic OET Device 152.2 Working Mechanisms 162.2.1 Dielectrophoretic Effect 182.2.2 Electrophoretic Effect 202.2.3 Electroosmotic Effect 212.2.4 Electrothermal Effect 222.2.5 Finite Element Simulation Analysis 23References 253 Optics and Light Source 293.1 Optics Involved in Optoelectronic Tweezers 293.1.1 Principle of Lens Imaging 293.1.2 Optical Aberration 343.1.2.1 Defocus 343.1.2.2 Spherical Aberration 353.1.2.3 Coma 373.1.2.4 Astigmatism 383.1.2.5 Field Curvature 403.1.2.6 Image Distortion 413.1.2.7 Chromatic or Color Aberration 423.2 Light Source and Characteristics 443.2.1 Lcd 443.2.2 Dmd 463.2.3 LCoS 473.2.4 Led 483.2.5 Laser 503.2.6 Mercury-Vapor Lamp 51References 534 Electro-optical Interactions 554.1 Interaction Between Light and Electric Fields 554.1.1 Photoelectric Effect 554.1.2 Photoconductive Effect 564.1.3 Photoelectric Conversion 574.2 Selection and Preparation of Photoelectric Materials 604.2.1 Selection of Photoelectric Materials in OET Chip 604.2.2 Photoelectric Material Preparation Technology 614.2.3 Preparation of Amorphous Silicon Materials 614.2.4 Preparation of a Cadmium Sulfide Photoelectric Film 634.2.4.1 Electrochemical Plating 644.2.4.2 Chemical Plating 654.2.5 Preparation of TiOPc 654.2.6 Micro-well Array Photolithography 664.2.7 Characterization of Photoelectric Film Properties 694.2.7.1 Structure and Morphology Characterization 694.2.7.2 Optical Characterization 704.2.7.3 Electrical Properties 72References 735 Experimental Techniques and Setups 755.1 Overview of Experimental Setup 755.2 Detailed Description of the Optoelectronic Tweezer Device 775.2.1 Optical Path Design 775.2.2 Optical Path Simulation 815.2.3 Experimental Control Strategy Design 825.2.4 System Construction 845.3 Advanced OET Product Introduction 895.4 Common Challenges and Solutions 925.4.1 Hardware System 925.4.2 Software System 94References 966 Applications in Biology 996.1 Manipulation of Biological Entities 996.1.1 Cell Sorting 996.1.2 Cell Trapping 1086.2 Biomedical Applications and Advancements 1146.2.1 Immunoreaction Analysis 1146.2.2 Cell Analysis 1176.2.3 Cell Lysis 1196.2.4 Commercial Application 121References 1237 Applications in Physics and Materials Science 1297.1 Manipulation of Microparticles 1297.2 Manipulation of Nanoparticles 1327.2.1 Nanoparticles 1327.2.2 Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes 1337.2.3 Nanowires 1357.3 Manipulation of Droplet 1377.4 Manipulation of Micromachines 139References 1408 Integration with Other Technologies 1438.1 Integration with Microfluidics 1438.2 Photocuring Technology 1518.3 Electrowetting Technology 1528.3.1 Digital Microfluidics 1528.3.2 Optoelectrowetting Technology 1538.4 Image Recognition 1548.4.1 Trajectory Planning 1548.4.2 Measurement of Various Cell Parameters 157References 1599 Case Studies and Experiments 1619.1 In-Depth Analysis of Notable Experiments 1619.1.1 Detection of Single B Cells Producing RBD-Neutralizing Antibodies 1619.1.2 Assuring Clonality of Single Cell Development 1639.1.3 Isolation of RH5-Specific B Cells 1659.1.4 Screening of Antibody-Secreting Single B Cells 1689.1.5 Development of CAR Cell Library and CAR Screening 1689.2 Case Studies Showcasing Diverse Applications 171References 17810 Challenges and Future Directions 18110.1 Current Challenges 18110.2 Innovation and Ongoing Research 18210.3 Future Development Direction and Suggestions 183References 184Index 187

Lin Feng received the Ph.D. degree in Micro/Nano Systems from Nagoya University, Japan, in 2014. He is currently a Professor with the School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University. His current research focuses on optoelectronic tweezer-based micro/nano control systems, intelligent microrobots, and biomanufacturing, with applications in cancer targeted therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Menglu Tan is a postdoctoral fellow in the School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation at Beihang University. She received her Ph.D. at the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2022. Her current research focuses on deep learning applied to optoelectronic tweezer images and medical imaging. Ao Wang received his Ph.D. degree from the School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University. His research mainly focuses on optoelectronic tweezer-based micro/nano manipulation and the interaction mechanisms between particles under multi-physical field coupling. Jiaying Zhang is a Chief Technician at the Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital. She earned Ph.D. in synthetic biology from Tsinghua University in 2020, and later completed postdoctoral research in the School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation at Beihang University. Her present research is centered on the development of small nucleic acid drugs for targeted tumor therapy.

• Preface ix1 Introduction 11.1 History Background and Brief Overview 11.2 Importance and Applications in Various Fields 9References 102 Fundamentals of Optoelectronic Tweezers 132.1 Types of OET Device 132.1.1 Conventional OET Device 132.1.2 Photovoltaic OET Device 152.2 Working Mechanisms 162.2.1 Dielectrophoretic Effect 182.2.2 Electrophoretic Effect 202.2.3 Electroosmotic Effect 212.2.4 Electrothermal Effect 222.2.5 Finite Element Simulation Analysis 23References 253 Optics and Light Source 293.1 Optics Involved in Optoelectronic Tweezers 293.1.1 Principle of Lens Imaging 293.1.2 Optical Aberration 343.1.2.1 Defocus 343.1.2.2 Spherical Aberration 353.1.2.3 Coma 373.1.2.4 Astigmatism 383.1.2.5 Field Curvature 403.1.2.6 Image Distortion 413.1.2.7 Chromatic or Color Aberration 423.2 Light Source and Characteristics 443.2.1 Lcd 443.2.2 Dmd 463.2.3 LCoS 473.2.4 Led 483.2.5 Laser 503.2.6 Mercury-Vapor Lamp 51References 534 Electro-optical Interactions 554.1 Interaction Between Light and Electric Fields 554.1.1 Photoelectric Effect 554.1.2 Photoconductive Effect 564.1.3 Photoelectric Conversion 574.2 Selection and Preparation of Photoelectric Materials 604.2.1 Selection of Photoelectric Materials in OET Chip 604.2.2 Photoelectric Material Preparation Technology 614.2.3 Preparation of Amorphous Silicon Materials 614.2.4 Preparation of a Cadmium Sulfide Photoelectric Film 634.2.4.1 Electrochemical Plating 644.2.4.2 Chemical Plating 654.2.5 Preparation of TiOPc 654.2.6 Micro-well Array Photolithography 664.2.7 Characterization of Photoelectric Film Properties 694.2.7.1 Structure and Morphology Characterization 694.2.7.2 Optical Characterization 704.2.7.3 Electrical Properties 72References 735 Experimental Techniques and Setups 755.1 Overview of Experimental Setup 755.2 Detailed Description of the Optoelectronic Tweezer Device 775.2.1 Optical Path Design 775.2.2 Optical Path Simulation 815.2.3 Experimental Control Strategy Design 825.2.4 System Construction 845.3 Advanced OET Product Introduction 895.4 Common Challenges and Solutions 925.4.1 Hardware System 925.4.2 Software System 94References 966 Applications in Biology 996.1 Manipulation of Biological Entities 996.1.1 Cell Sorting 996.1.2 Cell Trapping 1086.2 Biomedical Applications and Advancements 1146.2.1 Immunoreaction Analysis 1146.2.2 Cell Analysis 1176.2.3 Cell Lysis 1196.2.4 Commercial Application 121References 1237 Applications in Physics and Materials Science 1297.1 Manipulation of Microparticles 1297.2 Manipulation of Nanoparticles 1327.2.1 Nanoparticles 1327.2.2 Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes 1337.2.3 Nanowires 1357.3 Manipulation of Droplet 1377.4 Manipulation of Micromachines 139References 1408 Integration with Other Technologies 1438.1 Integration with Microfluidics 1438.2 Photocuring Technology 1518.3 Electrowetting Technology 1528.3.1 Digital Microfluidics 1528.3.2 Optoelectrowetting Technology 1538.4 Image Recognition 1548.4.1 Trajectory Planning 1548.4.2 Measurement of Various Cell Parameters 157References 1599 Case Studies and Experiments 1619.1 In-Depth Analysis of Notable Experiments 1619.1.1 Detection of Single B Cells Producing RBD-Neutralizing Antibodies 1619.1.2 Assuring Clonality of Single Cell Development 1639.1.3 Isolation of RH5-Specific B Cells 1659.1.4 Screening of Antibody-Secreting Single B Cells 1689.1.5 Development of CAR Cell Library and CAR Screening 1689.2 Case Studies Showcasing Diverse Applications 171References 17810 Challenges and Future Directions 18110.1 Current Challenges 18110.2 Innovation and Ongoing Research 18210.3 Future Development Direction and Suggestions 183References 184Index 187