Understanding the Heavens

From the reviews: "The wide scope of this book is indicated by the cover photographs, showing Stonehenge and the Hubble Space Telescope. It deals with the astronomical ideas of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian observers, the Greek philosophers and the revolutionary concepts of such figures as Copernicus, Galileo and Newton. ... buy Understanding the Heavens, for there is much worthwhile material, presented in a logical and constructive way, in it." (Jeffrey Barham, Popular Astronomy, October - December, 2002) "This ... volume, written by a well-known French astronomer, covers almost three millennia of the evolution of the understanding by curious minds of what, until recently, was called the 'World' but that we now call the 'Universe'. ... this is not a book about the history of those ideas but about the concepts lying behind the model universes ... . much can be learned from this work ... ." (F. Binon, Physicalia, Vol. 38 (2), 2002) "The task Jean-Claude Pecker has set himself in this book is to recount the development of humankind's ideas about the cosmos from essentially the earliest recorded history up to the present day. The strongest part of the book deals with the fascinating struggle to make sense of the rather complicated observed motions of the celestial objects, especially planets ... . The copious illustrations are useful ... . this book ... contains much interesting and useful material." (J. G. Robertson, The Physicist, Vol. 38 (5), 2001) "This would be a useful book for someone who is actively involved in cosmological research today, but has only a vague idea of the history of the subject ... . It is based on a series of lectures given by the author in 1989, which go back to pre-Greek ideas about astronomy and up to inflation ... . the ideas are explained clearly ... . Understanding the Heavens is to be welcomed as a worthy and worthwhile addition to the library shelves ... ." (John Gribbin, The Observatory, Vol. 121 (1165), 2001)

• and Perspectives.- The Theory of Scientific Revolutions.- Interactions Between Politics and Scientific Progress.- The Continuous Progress of Astronomical Techniques.- The Three Streams from Pythagoras, Plato, and Aristotle.- 1. Before the Classical Greek Period.- 1.1 A General Overview of a Rapid Evolution.- 1.2 Elementary Naked-Eye Astronomy.- 1.3 Pre-Socratic Greek Astronomy and Cosmology.- 2. Classical Greek Astronomy.- 2.1 Plato’s World.- 2.2 Plato’s Contemporaries: Eudoxus, Callippus.- 2.3 Aristotle’s World.- 2.4 The Legacy of Plato and Aristotle.- 2.5 The Heliocentric Systems.- 2.6 Hipparchus and his Successors up to Ptolemy.- 2.7 Eccentric and Epicycle Circles: The Ptolemaic Mechanisms.- 2.8 The Earth, Sun, Moon, and Planets: Distances and Sizes.- 2.9 The Precession of Equinoxes.- 3. Ptolemy’s Astronomy Questioned.- 3.1 The Scientific Genealogy of Ptolemy.- 3.2 The Church Fathers.- 3.3 The Contribution of the Arabic World to Astronomical Knowledge.- 3.4 The Western World up to Copernicus.- 4. The Period of the Renaissance.- 4.1 From 1450 to 1600: An Overview.- 4.2 Copernicus and the Determination of Planetary Distances.- 4.3 The Progress of the Observations; Tycho Brahe and the Nature of the Universe.- 4.4 Kepler and the Death of Circularity.- 4.5 Galileo, Physicist and Observer.- 5. Dynamics Enters Astronomy: From Galileo to Newton.- 5.1 Galilean Dynamics.- 5.2 Francis Bacon in England.- 5.3 The French School: Descartes and his Contemporaries.- 5.4 Newton and Universal Gravitation.- 5.5 The Triumph of Newton.- 5.6 Appendix Written in Collaboration with Prof. Daniel Pecker.- 6. From Pre-Galilean Astronomy to the Hubble Space Telescope and Beyond… Written in Collaboration with Dr. Simone Dumont.- 6.1 Improvements in Techniques and Instruments.- 6.2Important Astronomical Discoveries After Galileo.- 6.3 Conceptual Consequences of the Broadening of Horizons from Galileo to Einstein.- 6.4 Conclusion.- 7. Towards Modern Cosmology.- 7.1 Failures and Difficulties of the Newtonian Description.- 7.2 Criticisms of Newton’s Theory: The Mach Discussion.- 7.3 The Ether.- 7.4. Action at a Distance.- 7.5. Olbers’ Paradox.- 7.6 The “Significant” Facts of Cosmology and the Subjectivity of their Choice.- 7.7 Appendix: Modern Cosmology The Velocity of Light, Composition and Measurement.- 8. Cosmologies of Today and Tomorrow.- 8.1 General Relativity.- 8.2 The Cosmological Solutions of General Relativity.- 8.3 New Cosmological Facts.- 8.4 The Standard “Big Bang” Cosmology.- 8.5 The “New Big Bang”.- 8.6 Big Bang or Not Big Bang? Alternative Cosmologies.- 8.7 Conclusions: What Is the Current State of Cosmology? What Experiments Could Be Performed to Improve the Situation?.- 8.8 Appendix I: Tensors, Line Elements.- 8.9 Appendix II: The Particles of Modern Physics.- 9. General Conclusion.- Further Reading.- Figure Acknowledgements.- Name Index.