Friederike Alm works as a researcher for the European Migration Network at the German Federal Agency for Migration and Asylum in Nuremberg, Germany

• AcknowledgmentsList of AbbreviationsList of Tables and ChartsI. Foundations1. Introduction: On the Comparative Politics of Migration1.1 Research Question/s1.2 Research Design1.2.1 On Research Strategy: Comparative-Historical Analysis and the Identification of Critical Junctures1.2.2 On Units of Analysis: States and Politics1.2.3 On the Case for my Cases: The Selection of Major Immigration Countries1.3 Structure and Line of Approach2. Understanding Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration: Theories and Conceptualizations of Core Concepts2.1 On Immigration Politics2.1.1 An Overview of Migration Theory2.1.2 Theories on Immigration and the State2.2.3 Conceptualizing Immigration Politics2.2 On Citizenship Politics2.2.1 An Overview of Citizenship Theory2.2.2 Theories on Citizenship and the State2.2.3 Conceptualizing Citizenship Politics2.3 On Integration Politics2.3.1 An Overview of Social Cohesion and Integration Theories2.3.2 Theories on Immigrant Integration and the State2.3.3 Conceptualizing Integration Politics2.4 The Nexus between Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Politics2.4.1 Conceptualizing the Nexus between Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Politics2.4.2 The Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Nexus as an Analytical Tool in Comparative-Historical Research3. Methodology: On Comparison, Comparative-Historical Analysis and Expert Interviews3.1 Research Approach: On Comparison in Political Science and Migration Research3.1.1 Why we compare: On Comparative Logics and Epistemic Tensions 3.1.2 How we compare: On the Selection of Cases and Comparative Strategies3.1.3 ‘Bringing the State back in’: On the State as a Unit of Analysis in Migration Research3.2 Comparative-Historical Analysis: Situating this Project within the Research Paradigm3.2.1 What is Comparative-Historical Analysis3.2.2 Time in Comparative-Historical Analysis: Taking History Seriously3.2.3 The Application of Comparative-Historical Analysis in this Research Project: Critical Junctures3.3 Empirical Analysis: Secondary Literature Analysis and Expert Interviews3.3.1 Secondary Literature Analysis3.3.2 Expert Interviews: On the Use of Narrative Accounts for this Research Project3.4 Interim Conclusion: CHA, Critical Junctures, and Expert Interviews4. State of the Art: Contributions and Gaps in Comparative Migration Research on Canada, France, and Germany4.1 An Overview of Migration History and Politics4.1.1 Historical Phases of Global Migration Movements4.1.2 Statistical Data on Migration Politics in Canada, France, and Germany4.2 Comparative Analyses of Migration Politics4.2.1 Typologies, Categorizations and Indices of the Country Cases based on their Migration Politics4.2.2 Research in Comparative-Historical Analysis on Migration Politics4.3 Interim Conclusion: Contributions and Gaps in the LiteratureII: Analysis: The Historical Trajectories of Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ in Canada, France, and Germany5. Manifesting Unity, Belonging, and Exclusion: Migration Politics in the Postwar Years5.1 Introduction5.2 Canada – Becoming Canadian, 1945–19525.2.1 Pre-History: Creating white European Canada5.2.2 Manifesting a new Canadian Self-Conception through Citizenship5.2.3 Canada becomes Canadian5.2 France – Making a Comeback, 1945–19505.3.1 Pre-History: Demographic Struggles and the Establishment of Europe’s Oldest Immigration Country5.3.2 The Return of a Durable Immigration Country, 1945–19505.3.3 Colonial Entanglements in Postwar Immigration and Citizenship Politics5.3.4 Postwar French Integration Politics and the Question of Demographic Preference5.3.5 Framing 1945–1950 as a Critical Juncture in French Migration Politics5.4 Germany – Establishing a Co-Ethnic Immigration Country, 1948–19535.4.1 Pre-History: German Historical Resistance to Diversification5.4.2 The ‘Multiple Meanings’ of 19455.4.3 ‘A new “Us”’? Citizenship and Integration Politics in the Newly Established Germany5.4.4 Framing the postwar Critical Juncture for German Migration Politics, 1945–19535.5 Interim Conclusion: The Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ in the Postwar Era6. ‘Who are we? Who do we want to be?’: Mid- to late 20th Century Migration Politics in Canada, France, and Germany6.1 Introduction6.2 Canada – Paradigmatic Transitions to Establish Cohesive Migration Politics, 1962–19886.2.1 No more race, no more religion, 1952–19626.2.2 The Emergence of the Points System and Multiculturalism as a State Doctrine, 1963-19886.2.3 Understanding the shifting Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Politics Nexus, 1967–19826.3 France – From ‘Open Door’ to Zero Immigration, 1981–19886.3.1 Migration Politics and Colonial Entanglements, 1953–19736.3.2 Migration Politics in Turmoil, 1974–19806.3.3 The Politicization of French Migration Politics, 1981–19886.3.4 The Foundational Years: Making Sense of French Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Politics, 1980–19886.4 Germany – The Transformational Decade, 1989–20006.4.1 Becoming a ‘de-facto immigration country’, 1955-19886.4.2 ‘A painful process of acknowledgment’: Migration Politics in Post-Unification Germany, 1989–20006.4.3 The Legacy of Post-Unification Migration Politics, 2000–20056.4.4 Learning from the Migration Politics of the Post-Unification Decade6.5 Interim Conclusion: The Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ in the mid- to late 20th Century7. Moving forward, Remaining the Same: Migration Politics in Canada, France, and Germany in the New Millennium7.1 Introduction7.2 Canada – The Harper Years challenge the Status Quo, 2006–20157.2.1 Migration Politics in the 1990s and early 2000s7.2.2 ‘A rude awakening’ – The Harper Years, 2006–20157.2.3 Migration Politics Take Centre Stage – The 2015 Election Campaign7.2.4 The Harper Effect on the Migration Politics Nexus, 2015–20207.3 France – ‘Plus ça change?’ Migration Politics in the Sarkozy Era, 2002–20127.3.1 Migration Politics under Conservative Reign, 1995–20047.3.2 ‘A past that does not pass.’ – 20057.3.3 After 2005 – Sarkozy, the ‘pyromaniac’ of migration politics?7.3.4 Whither a Sarkozyist Approach? – Migration Politics in France, 2012–20207.4 Germany – Becoming the Most Important European Immigration Country, 2006–20207.4.1 How to be an Immigration Country – Institutionalizing Migration Politics, 2006–20147.4.2 ‘Germany, of all countries’ – 20157.4.3 Normalizing Migration Politics, 2006–20207.5 Interim Conclusion: The Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ in the New MillenniumIII. Comparative Results8. Dynamic Typologies of the Migration Politics Nexus in Canada, France, and Germany8.1 Critical Junctures and Migration Politics8.1.1 Critical Junctures for the Migration Politics Nexus in Canada8.1.2 Critical Junctures for the Migration Politics Nexus in France8.1.3 Critical Junctures for the Migration Politics Nexus in Germany8.1.4 Methodological Insights for Critical Junctures from this Research Project8.2 Comparative Insights on Canada, France, and Germany by Period8.2.1 Comparing the Migration Politics Nexus before the End of World War II8.2.2 Comparing the Migration Politics Nexus in the Postwar Years8.2.3 Comparing the Migration Politics Nexus in the mid- to late 20th Century8.2.4 Comparing the Migration Politics Nexus in the early 21st Century8.3 Interactive Dynamics in the Migration Politics Nexus9. Conclusion – A New Perspective on the Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’9.1 Looking Back: Central Arguments, Research Design, and Challenges9.2 Central Research Question: Answers and Main Insights9.3 Looking Forward: The Future Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ReferencesAppendixI. Guides to the partially structured Expert InterviewsII. Tabular Illustration of Critical JuncturesIII. Excursus: The Interconnection between Migration Politics and Indigenous Politics in CanadaIV. Excursus: Research Cultures on Migration Politics in Canada, France, and GermanyIndex

Friederike Alm works as a researcher for the European Migration Network at the German Federal Agency for Migration and Asylum in Nuremberg, Germany

• AcknowledgmentsList of AbbreviationsList of Tables and ChartsI. Foundations1. Introduction: On the Comparative Politics of Migration1.1 Research Question/s1.2 Research Design1.2.1 On Research Strategy: Comparative-Historical Analysis and the Identification of Critical Junctures1.2.2 On Units of Analysis: States and Politics1.2.3 On the Case for my Cases: The Selection of Major Immigration Countries1.3 Structure and Line of Approach2. Understanding Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration: Theories and Conceptualizations of Core Concepts2.1 On Immigration Politics2.1.1 An Overview of Migration Theory2.1.2 Theories on Immigration and the State2.2.3 Conceptualizing Immigration Politics2.2 On Citizenship Politics2.2.1 An Overview of Citizenship Theory2.2.2 Theories on Citizenship and the State2.2.3 Conceptualizing Citizenship Politics2.3 On Integration Politics2.3.1 An Overview of Social Cohesion and Integration Theories2.3.2 Theories on Immigrant Integration and the State2.3.3 Conceptualizing Integration Politics2.4 The Nexus between Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Politics2.4.1 Conceptualizing the Nexus between Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Politics2.4.2 The Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Nexus as an Analytical Tool in Comparative-Historical Research3. Methodology: On Comparison, Comparative-Historical Analysis and Expert Interviews3.1 Research Approach: On Comparison in Political Science and Migration Research3.1.1 Why we compare: On Comparative Logics and Epistemic Tensions 3.1.2 How we compare: On the Selection of Cases and Comparative Strategies3.1.3 ‘Bringing the State back in’: On the State as a Unit of Analysis in Migration Research3.2 Comparative-Historical Analysis: Situating this Project within the Research Paradigm3.2.1 What is Comparative-Historical Analysis3.2.2 Time in Comparative-Historical Analysis: Taking History Seriously3.2.3 The Application of Comparative-Historical Analysis in this Research Project: Critical Junctures3.3 Empirical Analysis: Secondary Literature Analysis and Expert Interviews3.3.1 Secondary Literature Analysis3.3.2 Expert Interviews: On the Use of Narrative Accounts for this Research Project3.4 Interim Conclusion: CHA, Critical Junctures, and Expert Interviews4. State of the Art: Contributions and Gaps in Comparative Migration Research on Canada, France, and Germany4.1 An Overview of Migration History and Politics4.1.1 Historical Phases of Global Migration Movements4.1.2 Statistical Data on Migration Politics in Canada, France, and Germany4.2 Comparative Analyses of Migration Politics4.2.1 Typologies, Categorizations and Indices of the Country Cases based on their Migration Politics4.2.2 Research in Comparative-Historical Analysis on Migration Politics4.3 Interim Conclusion: Contributions and Gaps in the LiteratureII: Analysis: The Historical Trajectories of Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ in Canada, France, and Germany5. Manifesting Unity, Belonging, and Exclusion: Migration Politics in the Postwar Years5.1 Introduction5.2 Canada – Becoming Canadian, 1945–19525.2.1 Pre-History: Creating white European Canada5.2.2 Manifesting a new Canadian Self-Conception through Citizenship5.2.3 Canada becomes Canadian5.2 France – Making a Comeback, 1945–19505.3.1 Pre-History: Demographic Struggles and the Establishment of Europe’s Oldest Immigration Country5.3.2 The Return of a Durable Immigration Country, 1945–19505.3.3 Colonial Entanglements in Postwar Immigration and Citizenship Politics5.3.4 Postwar French Integration Politics and the Question of Demographic Preference5.3.5 Framing 1945–1950 as a Critical Juncture in French Migration Politics5.4 Germany – Establishing a Co-Ethnic Immigration Country, 1948–19535.4.1 Pre-History: German Historical Resistance to Diversification5.4.2 The ‘Multiple Meanings’ of 19455.4.3 ‘A new “Us”’? Citizenship and Integration Politics in the Newly Established Germany5.4.4 Framing the postwar Critical Juncture for German Migration Politics, 1945–19535.5 Interim Conclusion: The Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ in the Postwar Era6. ‘Who are we? Who do we want to be?’: Mid- to late 20th Century Migration Politics in Canada, France, and Germany6.1 Introduction6.2 Canada – Paradigmatic Transitions to Establish Cohesive Migration Politics, 1962–19886.2.1 No more race, no more religion, 1952–19626.2.2 The Emergence of the Points System and Multiculturalism as a State Doctrine, 1963-19886.2.3 Understanding the shifting Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Politics Nexus, 1967–19826.3 France – From ‘Open Door’ to Zero Immigration, 1981–19886.3.1 Migration Politics and Colonial Entanglements, 1953–19736.3.2 Migration Politics in Turmoil, 1974–19806.3.3 The Politicization of French Migration Politics, 1981–19886.3.4 The Foundational Years: Making Sense of French Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Politics, 1980–19886.4 Germany – The Transformational Decade, 1989–20006.4.1 Becoming a ‘de-facto immigration country’, 1955-19886.4.2 ‘A painful process of acknowledgment’: Migration Politics in Post-Unification Germany, 1989–20006.4.3 The Legacy of Post-Unification Migration Politics, 2000–20056.4.4 Learning from the Migration Politics of the Post-Unification Decade6.5 Interim Conclusion: The Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ in the mid- to late 20th Century7. Moving forward, Remaining the Same: Migration Politics in Canada, France, and Germany in the New Millennium7.1 Introduction7.2 Canada – The Harper Years challenge the Status Quo, 2006–20157.2.1 Migration Politics in the 1990s and early 2000s7.2.2 ‘A rude awakening’ – The Harper Years, 2006–20157.2.3 Migration Politics Take Centre Stage – The 2015 Election Campaign7.2.4 The Harper Effect on the Migration Politics Nexus, 2015–20207.3 France – ‘Plus ça change?’ Migration Politics in the Sarkozy Era, 2002–20127.3.1 Migration Politics under Conservative Reign, 1995–20047.3.2 ‘A past that does not pass.’ – 20057.3.3 After 2005 – Sarkozy, the ‘pyromaniac’ of migration politics?7.3.4 Whither a Sarkozyist Approach? – Migration Politics in France, 2012–20207.4 Germany – Becoming the Most Important European Immigration Country, 2006–20207.4.1 How to be an Immigration Country – Institutionalizing Migration Politics, 2006–20147.4.2 ‘Germany, of all countries’ – 20157.4.3 Normalizing Migration Politics, 2006–20207.5 Interim Conclusion: The Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ in the New MillenniumIII. Comparative Results8. Dynamic Typologies of the Migration Politics Nexus in Canada, France, and Germany8.1 Critical Junctures and Migration Politics8.1.1 Critical Junctures for the Migration Politics Nexus in Canada8.1.2 Critical Junctures for the Migration Politics Nexus in France8.1.3 Critical Junctures for the Migration Politics Nexus in Germany8.1.4 Methodological Insights for Critical Junctures from this Research Project8.2 Comparative Insights on Canada, France, and Germany by Period8.2.1 Comparing the Migration Politics Nexus before the End of World War II8.2.2 Comparing the Migration Politics Nexus in the Postwar Years8.2.3 Comparing the Migration Politics Nexus in the mid- to late 20th Century8.2.4 Comparing the Migration Politics Nexus in the early 21st Century8.3 Interactive Dynamics in the Migration Politics Nexus9. Conclusion – A New Perspective on the Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’9.1 Looking Back: Central Arguments, Research Design, and Challenges9.2 Central Research Question: Answers and Main Insights9.3 Looking Forward: The Future Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ReferencesAppendixI. Guides to the partially structured Expert InterviewsII. Tabular Illustration of Critical JuncturesIII. Excursus: The Interconnection between Migration Politics and Indigenous Politics in CanadaIV. Excursus: Research Cultures on Migration Politics in Canada, France, and GermanyIndex

Friederike Alm works as a researcher for the European Migration Network at the German Federal Agency for Migration and Asylum in Nuremberg, Germany

• AcknowledgmentsList of AbbreviationsList of Tables and ChartsI. Foundations1. Introduction: On the Comparative Politics of Migration1.1 Research Question/s1.2 Research Design1.2.1 On Research Strategy: Comparative-Historical Analysis and the Identification of Critical Junctures1.2.2 On Units of Analysis: States and Politics1.2.3 On the Case for my Cases: The Selection of Major Immigration Countries1.3 Structure and Line of Approach2. Understanding Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration: Theories and Conceptualizations of Core Concepts2.1 On Immigration Politics2.1.1 An Overview of Migration Theory2.1.2 Theories on Immigration and the State2.2.3 Conceptualizing Immigration Politics2.2 On Citizenship Politics2.2.1 An Overview of Citizenship Theory2.2.2 Theories on Citizenship and the State2.2.3 Conceptualizing Citizenship Politics2.3 On Integration Politics2.3.1 An Overview of Social Cohesion and Integration Theories2.3.2 Theories on Immigrant Integration and the State2.3.3 Conceptualizing Integration Politics2.4 The Nexus between Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Politics2.4.1 Conceptualizing the Nexus between Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Politics2.4.2 The Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Nexus as an Analytical Tool in Comparative-Historical Research3. Methodology: On Comparison, Comparative-Historical Analysis and Expert Interviews3.1 Research Approach: On Comparison in Political Science and Migration Research3.1.1 Why we compare: On Comparative Logics and Epistemic Tensions 3.1.2 How we compare: On the Selection of Cases and Comparative Strategies3.1.3 ‘Bringing the State back in’: On the State as a Unit of Analysis in Migration Research3.2 Comparative-Historical Analysis: Situating this Project within the Research Paradigm3.2.1 What is Comparative-Historical Analysis3.2.2 Time in Comparative-Historical Analysis: Taking History Seriously3.2.3 The Application of Comparative-Historical Analysis in this Research Project: Critical Junctures3.3 Empirical Analysis: Secondary Literature Analysis and Expert Interviews3.3.1 Secondary Literature Analysis3.3.2 Expert Interviews: On the Use of Narrative Accounts for this Research Project3.4 Interim Conclusion: CHA, Critical Junctures, and Expert Interviews4. State of the Art: Contributions and Gaps in Comparative Migration Research on Canada, France, and Germany4.1 An Overview of Migration History and Politics4.1.1 Historical Phases of Global Migration Movements4.1.2 Statistical Data on Migration Politics in Canada, France, and Germany4.2 Comparative Analyses of Migration Politics4.2.1 Typologies, Categorizations and Indices of the Country Cases based on their Migration Politics4.2.2 Research in Comparative-Historical Analysis on Migration Politics4.3 Interim Conclusion: Contributions and Gaps in the LiteratureII: Analysis: The Historical Trajectories of Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ in Canada, France, and Germany5. Manifesting Unity, Belonging, and Exclusion: Migration Politics in the Postwar Years5.1 Introduction5.2 Canada – Becoming Canadian, 1945–19525.2.1 Pre-History: Creating white European Canada5.2.2 Manifesting a new Canadian Self-Conception through Citizenship5.2.3 Canada becomes Canadian5.2 France – Making a Comeback, 1945–19505.3.1 Pre-History: Demographic Struggles and the Establishment of Europe’s Oldest Immigration Country5.3.2 The Return of a Durable Immigration Country, 1945–19505.3.3 Colonial Entanglements in Postwar Immigration and Citizenship Politics5.3.4 Postwar French Integration Politics and the Question of Demographic Preference5.3.5 Framing 1945–1950 as a Critical Juncture in French Migration Politics5.4 Germany – Establishing a Co-Ethnic Immigration Country, 1948–19535.4.1 Pre-History: German Historical Resistance to Diversification5.4.2 The ‘Multiple Meanings’ of 19455.4.3 ‘A new “Us”’? Citizenship and Integration Politics in the Newly Established Germany5.4.4 Framing the postwar Critical Juncture for German Migration Politics, 1945–19535.5 Interim Conclusion: The Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ in the Postwar Era6. ‘Who are we? Who do we want to be?’: Mid- to late 20th Century Migration Politics in Canada, France, and Germany6.1 Introduction6.2 Canada – Paradigmatic Transitions to Establish Cohesive Migration Politics, 1962–19886.2.1 No more race, no more religion, 1952–19626.2.2 The Emergence of the Points System and Multiculturalism as a State Doctrine, 1963-19886.2.3 Understanding the shifting Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Politics Nexus, 1967–19826.3 France – From ‘Open Door’ to Zero Immigration, 1981–19886.3.1 Migration Politics and Colonial Entanglements, 1953–19736.3.2 Migration Politics in Turmoil, 1974–19806.3.3 The Politicization of French Migration Politics, 1981–19886.3.4 The Foundational Years: Making Sense of French Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Politics, 1980–19886.4 Germany – The Transformational Decade, 1989–20006.4.1 Becoming a ‘de-facto immigration country’, 1955-19886.4.2 ‘A painful process of acknowledgment’: Migration Politics in Post-Unification Germany, 1989–20006.4.3 The Legacy of Post-Unification Migration Politics, 2000–20056.4.4 Learning from the Migration Politics of the Post-Unification Decade6.5 Interim Conclusion: The Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ in the mid- to late 20th Century7. Moving forward, Remaining the Same: Migration Politics in Canada, France, and Germany in the New Millennium7.1 Introduction7.2 Canada – The Harper Years challenge the Status Quo, 2006–20157.2.1 Migration Politics in the 1990s and early 2000s7.2.2 ‘A rude awakening’ – The Harper Years, 2006–20157.2.3 Migration Politics Take Centre Stage – The 2015 Election Campaign7.2.4 The Harper Effect on the Migration Politics Nexus, 2015–20207.3 France – ‘Plus ça change?’ Migration Politics in the Sarkozy Era, 2002–20127.3.1 Migration Politics under Conservative Reign, 1995–20047.3.2 ‘A past that does not pass.’ – 20057.3.3 After 2005 – Sarkozy, the ‘pyromaniac’ of migration politics?7.3.4 Whither a Sarkozyist Approach? – Migration Politics in France, 2012–20207.4 Germany – Becoming the Most Important European Immigration Country, 2006–20207.4.1 How to be an Immigration Country – Institutionalizing Migration Politics, 2006–20147.4.2 ‘Germany, of all countries’ – 20157.4.3 Normalizing Migration Politics, 2006–20207.5 Interim Conclusion: The Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ in the New MillenniumIII. Comparative Results8. Dynamic Typologies of the Migration Politics Nexus in Canada, France, and Germany8.1 Critical Junctures and Migration Politics8.1.1 Critical Junctures for the Migration Politics Nexus in Canada8.1.2 Critical Junctures for the Migration Politics Nexus in France8.1.3 Critical Junctures for the Migration Politics Nexus in Germany8.1.4 Methodological Insights for Critical Junctures from this Research Project8.2 Comparative Insights on Canada, France, and Germany by Period8.2.1 Comparing the Migration Politics Nexus before the End of World War II8.2.2 Comparing the Migration Politics Nexus in the Postwar Years8.2.3 Comparing the Migration Politics Nexus in the mid- to late 20th Century8.2.4 Comparing the Migration Politics Nexus in the early 21st Century8.3 Interactive Dynamics in the Migration Politics Nexus9. Conclusion – A New Perspective on the Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’9.1 Looking Back: Central Arguments, Research Design, and Challenges9.2 Central Research Question: Answers and Main Insights9.3 Looking Forward: The Future Politics of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ReferencesAppendixI. Guides to the partially structured Expert InterviewsII. Tabular Illustration of Critical JuncturesIII. Excursus: The Interconnection between Migration Politics and Indigenous Politics in CanadaIV. Excursus: Research Cultures on Migration Politics in Canada, France, and GermanyIndex