The book comprises seven sections, each covering different aspects of laboratory biotechnology: general procedures such as pipetting, solution preparation, and the principles of common analytical instruments; working with nucleic acids, bacteria, enzymes, and proteins; cloning experiments and some protocols on plant biotechnology. Emphasis is placed on DNA/RNA isolation from various sources, the use of restriction enzymes, ligation techniques, cloning protocols, the screening of transformed cells, various electrophoresis techniques, PCR protocols, and more. The appendices in the final section offer additional information that is essential to the study of these practical procedures as a whole. This manual will be useful to students in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and related disciplines. The aim of this manual was to provide a theoretical foundation for the practical studies that are conducted in the laboratory, in a clear and understandable manner.
