Tetsuya Toyoda is assistant professor at Akita International University. After several years of experience in diplomatic service, he started his research on the history of international law and has produced a number of articles in English, French and Japanese.

• Introductory NotePrefaceChapter One Introduction1 The ‘Doctrinal History’ of the Science of International Law since Grotius2 Theorizing about the Law of Nations with Political Interests3 A Methodological NoteChapter Two The Pufendorfian Doctrine as the Standard1 Late Seventeenth-Century Interpretations of the Grotian Concept of the Voluntary Law of Nations2 Pufendorf’s Opposition to Grotius’s Concept of the Voluntary Law of Nations3 Pufendorf Against the Law of Nations Regulating Conduct in War4 Pufendorf Against Grotius’s Support of the Concept of Punitive WarChapter Three Holsteiner Court Councilor Samuel Rachel’s Criticism of Samuel Pufendorf1 The Duchy of Holstein and the Life of Samuel Rachel2 Late Seventeenth-century Proponents of the Voluntary Law of Nations3 The Exercitationem juridicam and the Danish Occupation4 Rachel after the Exercitationem juridicamChapter Four Hannoverian Court Councilor Gottfried Leibniz and his Concept of International Legal Person1 The Duchy of Hannover at the End of the Seventeenth Century2 The Peace Conference of Nijmegen and De Jure Suprematus3 The Primogeniture and the Concept of Res Juris Gentium4 Leibniz’s Two Disciples, Wolff and Vattel, Refuting His ConceptsChapter Five Saxon Court Councilor Glafey Pleading for Rules of Conduct in war1 The Duchy-Kingdom of Saxony and the Life of Glafey2 The Görtz-Gyllenborg Affair and Young Glafey’s Disquisitio3 In Defense of the Concept of the Voluntary Law of Nations 4 War in the Shared Interest of EuropeChapter Six Catholic Doctrine of the Law of Nations by Johann Adam Ickstatt1 The Life of Ickstatt and the Political Context of Würzburg-Bamberg2 The Modernity of Ickstatt’s Doctrine of the Law of Nations3 The Misfortunes of the First Treatise of International LawChapter Seven Prussian Court Councilor Samuel Cocceji’s Denial of the Voluntary Law of Nations1 The Prussian Kingdom and the Life of Samuel Cocceji2 Johann Peter von Ludewig’s Support of the Concept of the Voluntary Law of Nations3 Cocceji’s Attack on GrotiusChapter Eight Johann Jacob Moser as Defender of Rights of German States1 Johann Jacob Moser’s Life and its Political Context2 Moser’s Concept of the Law of Nations and Practical Methodology3 Moser’s Anti-PrussianismChapter Nine Vattel’s Doctrine of National Sovereignty in the Context of Saxony-Poland and Neuchâtel1 The Principality of Neuchâtel and the Life of Emer de Vattel2. The Proposal of Transfer of the Principality to the Elector-Prince of Saxony3 Vattel’s Doctrine of National Sovereignty4 The Fortunes of Vattel, of Neuchâtel and of Le Droit des GensChapter Ten ConclusionBibliographyIndex

Tetsuya Toyoda is assistant professor at Akita International University. After several years of experience in diplomatic service, he started his research on the history of international law and has produced a number of articles in English, French and Japanese.

• Introductory NotePrefaceChapter One Introduction1 The ‘Doctrinal History’ of the Science of International Law since Grotius2 Theorizing about the Law of Nations with Political Interests3 A Methodological NoteChapter Two The Pufendorfian Doctrine as the Standard1 Late Seventeenth-Century Interpretations of the Grotian Concept of the Voluntary Law of Nations2 Pufendorf’s Opposition to Grotius’s Concept of the Voluntary Law of Nations3 Pufendorf Against the Law of Nations Regulating Conduct in War4 Pufendorf Against Grotius’s Support of the Concept of Punitive WarChapter Three Holsteiner Court Councilor Samuel Rachel’s Criticism of Samuel Pufendorf1 The Duchy of Holstein and the Life of Samuel Rachel2 Late Seventeenth-century Proponents of the Voluntary Law of Nations3 The Exercitationem juridicam and the Danish Occupation4 Rachel after the Exercitationem juridicamChapter Four Hannoverian Court Councilor Gottfried Leibniz and his Concept of International Legal Person1 The Duchy of Hannover at the End of the Seventeenth Century2 The Peace Conference of Nijmegen and De Jure Suprematus3 The Primogeniture and the Concept of Res Juris Gentium4 Leibniz’s Two Disciples, Wolff and Vattel, Refuting His ConceptsChapter Five Saxon Court Councilor Glafey Pleading for Rules of Conduct in war1 The Duchy-Kingdom of Saxony and the Life of Glafey2 The Görtz-Gyllenborg Affair and Young Glafey’s Disquisitio3 In Defense of the Concept of the Voluntary Law of Nations 4 War in the Shared Interest of EuropeChapter Six Catholic Doctrine of the Law of Nations by Johann Adam Ickstatt1 The Life of Ickstatt and the Political Context of Würzburg-Bamberg2 The Modernity of Ickstatt’s Doctrine of the Law of Nations3 The Misfortunes of the First Treatise of International LawChapter Seven Prussian Court Councilor Samuel Cocceji’s Denial of the Voluntary Law of Nations1 The Prussian Kingdom and the Life of Samuel Cocceji2 Johann Peter von Ludewig’s Support of the Concept of the Voluntary Law of Nations3 Cocceji’s Attack on GrotiusChapter Eight Johann Jacob Moser as Defender of Rights of German States1 Johann Jacob Moser’s Life and its Political Context2 Moser’s Concept of the Law of Nations and Practical Methodology3 Moser’s Anti-PrussianismChapter Nine Vattel’s Doctrine of National Sovereignty in the Context of Saxony-Poland and Neuchâtel1 The Principality of Neuchâtel and the Life of Emer de Vattel2. The Proposal of Transfer of the Principality to the Elector-Prince of Saxony3 Vattel’s Doctrine of National Sovereignty4 The Fortunes of Vattel, of Neuchâtel and of Le Droit des GensChapter Ten ConclusionBibliographyIndex

Tetsuya Toyoda is assistant professor at Akita International University. After several years of experience in diplomatic service, he started his research on the history of international law and has produced a number of articles in English, French and Japanese.

• Introductory NotePrefaceChapter One Introduction1 The ‘Doctrinal History’ of the Science of International Law since Grotius2 Theorizing about the Law of Nations with Political Interests3 A Methodological NoteChapter Two The Pufendorfian Doctrine as the Standard1 Late Seventeenth-Century Interpretations of the Grotian Concept of the Voluntary Law of Nations2 Pufendorf’s Opposition to Grotius’s Concept of the Voluntary Law of Nations3 Pufendorf Against the Law of Nations Regulating Conduct in War4 Pufendorf Against Grotius’s Support of the Concept of Punitive WarChapter Three Holsteiner Court Councilor Samuel Rachel’s Criticism of Samuel Pufendorf1 The Duchy of Holstein and the Life of Samuel Rachel2 Late Seventeenth-century Proponents of the Voluntary Law of Nations3 The Exercitationem juridicam and the Danish Occupation4 Rachel after the Exercitationem juridicamChapter Four Hannoverian Court Councilor Gottfried Leibniz and his Concept of International Legal Person1 The Duchy of Hannover at the End of the Seventeenth Century2 The Peace Conference of Nijmegen and De Jure Suprematus3 The Primogeniture and the Concept of Res Juris Gentium4 Leibniz’s Two Disciples, Wolff and Vattel, Refuting His ConceptsChapter Five Saxon Court Councilor Glafey Pleading for Rules of Conduct in war1 The Duchy-Kingdom of Saxony and the Life of Glafey2 The Görtz-Gyllenborg Affair and Young Glafey’s Disquisitio3 In Defense of the Concept of the Voluntary Law of Nations 4 War in the Shared Interest of EuropeChapter Six Catholic Doctrine of the Law of Nations by Johann Adam Ickstatt1 The Life of Ickstatt and the Political Context of Würzburg-Bamberg2 The Modernity of Ickstatt’s Doctrine of the Law of Nations3 The Misfortunes of the First Treatise of International LawChapter Seven Prussian Court Councilor Samuel Cocceji’s Denial of the Voluntary Law of Nations1 The Prussian Kingdom and the Life of Samuel Cocceji2 Johann Peter von Ludewig’s Support of the Concept of the Voluntary Law of Nations3 Cocceji’s Attack on GrotiusChapter Eight Johann Jacob Moser as Defender of Rights of German States1 Johann Jacob Moser’s Life and its Political Context2 Moser’s Concept of the Law of Nations and Practical Methodology3 Moser’s Anti-PrussianismChapter Nine Vattel’s Doctrine of National Sovereignty in the Context of Saxony-Poland and Neuchâtel1 The Principality of Neuchâtel and the Life of Emer de Vattel2. The Proposal of Transfer of the Principality to the Elector-Prince of Saxony3 Vattel’s Doctrine of National Sovereignty4 The Fortunes of Vattel, of Neuchâtel and of Le Droit des GensChapter Ten ConclusionBibliographyIndex