Sarah Singer, Ph.D. (2014), Queen Mary University of London, Academic and Lecturer in Human Rights Law at the Refugee Law Initiative, School of Advanced Study, University of London; Managing Editor of the International Community Law Review (Brill | Nijhoff).

• Contents1 Introduction 111 What is Terrorism? 152 Article 1F and Terrorism 193 Methodology 232 Interpreting Article 1F 261 The Vienna Rule and the Interpretation of Human Rights Treaties 282 The Interpretation of Article 1F in the UK 393 Conclusions 523 Terrorism as a Crime against Peace, a War Crime, a Crime against Humanity or a Serious Non-political Crime 541 Terrorism as a Crime against Peace, a War Crime or a Crime against Humanity 552 Terrorism as a Serious Non-political Crime 693 Conclusions 834 Terrorism as Acts Contrary to the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations 851 The Early Cases 892 The UK’s Domestic Definition of Terrorism, the EU Qualification Directive and the Court of Appeal 973 The Supreme Court’s Judgment in Al-Sirri 1044 Action against UN Mandated Forces as Acts Contrary to the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations 1145 Conclusions 1205 Responsibility and Membership of a Terrorist Organisation 1231 The Gurung Doctrine 1272 The Problems in Identifying an ‘Extreme Terrorist Organisation’ 1303 Towards Convergence with International Criminal Law 1354 International Criminal Law and the Gurung Doctrine 1395 International Criminal Law and Lord Brown’s Formulation ofArticle 1F Responsibility 1456 Conclusions 1486 The Application of Article 1F 1501 When Article 1F is Raised 1512 The Limb of Article 1F That is Relied upon 1573 How Often Article 1F is Raised 1724 The Increase in the Application of Article 1F 1795 Who is Being Excluded under Article 1F 1936 Conclusions 1987 The Exclusion Process 2001 The Exclusion Decision 2012 The Consequences of Exclusion 2143 The Appeal 2234 Conclusions 238Conclusions 240Bibliography 247Books and Monographs 247Chapters and Articles 248Index 253

Sarah Singer, Ph.D. (2014), Queen Mary University of London, Academic and Lecturer in Human Rights Law at the Refugee Law Initiative, School of Advanced Study, University of London; Managing Editor of the International Community Law Review (Brill | Nijhoff).

• Contents1 Introduction 111 What is Terrorism? 152 Article 1F and Terrorism 193 Methodology 232 Interpreting Article 1F 261 The Vienna Rule and the Interpretation of Human Rights Treaties 282 The Interpretation of Article 1F in the UK 393 Conclusions 523 Terrorism as a Crime against Peace, a War Crime, a Crime against Humanity or a Serious Non-political Crime 541 Terrorism as a Crime against Peace, a War Crime or a Crime against Humanity 552 Terrorism as a Serious Non-political Crime 693 Conclusions 834 Terrorism as Acts Contrary to the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations 851 The Early Cases 892 The UK’s Domestic Definition of Terrorism, the EU Qualification Directive and the Court of Appeal 973 The Supreme Court’s Judgment in Al-Sirri 1044 Action against UN Mandated Forces as Acts Contrary to the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations 1145 Conclusions 1205 Responsibility and Membership of a Terrorist Organisation 1231 The Gurung Doctrine 1272 The Problems in Identifying an ‘Extreme Terrorist Organisation’ 1303 Towards Convergence with International Criminal Law 1354 International Criminal Law and the Gurung Doctrine 1395 International Criminal Law and Lord Brown’s Formulation ofArticle 1F Responsibility 1456 Conclusions 1486 The Application of Article 1F 1501 When Article 1F is Raised 1512 The Limb of Article 1F That is Relied upon 1573 How Often Article 1F is Raised 1724 The Increase in the Application of Article 1F 1795 Who is Being Excluded under Article 1F 1936 Conclusions 1987 The Exclusion Process 2001 The Exclusion Decision 2012 The Consequences of Exclusion 2143 The Appeal 2234 Conclusions 238Conclusions 240Bibliography 247Books and Monographs 247Chapters and Articles 248Index 253

Sarah Singer, Ph.D. (2014), Queen Mary University of London, Academic and Lecturer in Human Rights Law at the Refugee Law Initiative, School of Advanced Study, University of London; Managing Editor of the International Community Law Review (Brill | Nijhoff).

• Contents1 Introduction 111 What is Terrorism? 152 Article 1F and Terrorism 193 Methodology 232 Interpreting Article 1F 261 The Vienna Rule and the Interpretation of Human Rights Treaties 282 The Interpretation of Article 1F in the UK 393 Conclusions 523 Terrorism as a Crime against Peace, a War Crime, a Crime against Humanity or a Serious Non-political Crime 541 Terrorism as a Crime against Peace, a War Crime or a Crime against Humanity 552 Terrorism as a Serious Non-political Crime 693 Conclusions 834 Terrorism as Acts Contrary to the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations 851 The Early Cases 892 The UK’s Domestic Definition of Terrorism, the EU Qualification Directive and the Court of Appeal 973 The Supreme Court’s Judgment in Al-Sirri 1044 Action against UN Mandated Forces as Acts Contrary to the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations 1145 Conclusions 1205 Responsibility and Membership of a Terrorist Organisation 1231 The Gurung Doctrine 1272 The Problems in Identifying an ‘Extreme Terrorist Organisation’ 1303 Towards Convergence with International Criminal Law 1354 International Criminal Law and the Gurung Doctrine 1395 International Criminal Law and Lord Brown’s Formulation ofArticle 1F Responsibility 1456 Conclusions 1486 The Application of Article 1F 1501 When Article 1F is Raised 1512 The Limb of Article 1F That is Relied upon 1573 How Often Article 1F is Raised 1724 The Increase in the Application of Article 1F 1795 Who is Being Excluded under Article 1F 1936 Conclusions 1987 The Exclusion Process 2001 The Exclusion Decision 2012 The Consequences of Exclusion 2143 The Appeal 2234 Conclusions 238Conclusions 240Bibliography 247Books and Monographs 247Chapters and Articles 248Index 253