Eduardo Wassim Aboultaif, Ph.D. in Politics (2017) is an Assistant Professor of Politics at the Higher Institute of Political and Administrative Sciences in the Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (Lebanon). He has published extensively on power-sharing arrangements, deeply divided societies, and Middle East affairs.

"This book opens a new door to understanding the function of armies and civil-military relations in divided societies."——John McGarry, Professor and Canada Research Chair for Nationalism and Democracy, Queen's University, Canada"A mandatory book for anybody trying to understand how armies, societies, and modern times intersect? It is a superb book, well done!"——Florence Gaub, Director of Research Division at Nato Defence College

• AcknowledgementsList of Figures and Tables1 Introduction1 A Critical Approach to Armies in Divided Societies2 Framework and Aim of the Book3 The Significance of Armies in Divided Societies and Research Method4 Chapters2 Civil-Military Relations, SSR, DDR, and Power Sharing1 Civil-Military Relations2 DDR and Security Sector Reform (SSR)3 Post-Conflict Power Sharing and Security Apparatuses4 Conclusion3 The Lebanese Armed Forces1 Origins: The LAF during the Mandate Period2 The Army after Independence2.1 The Formation of the Lebanese Army2.2 Problems and Challenges3 Paying the Price: Disintegration during the Civil War4 Structural and Institutional Reforms of the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF)4.1 Structural Reforms in the LAF4.2 The Institutional Reforms4.2.1 The Higher Defense Council4.2.2 The Military Office5 Reconstructing the LAF6 Challenges and Responses6.1 Military Capabilities6.2 Legitimacy and National Consensus6.3 Confessional-Proofing in the LAF – Preserving Neutrality6.4 Gender and Human Rights7 Conclusion4 Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina1 The Yugoslav People’s Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija, JNA)2 The Making of the AFBiH3 Institutional and Structural Reforms in the AFBiH3.1 Institutional Reforms3.2 Structural Reforms4 Success and Setbacks5 Conclusion5 The Iraqi Armed Forces1 Inception: The Establishment of the Iraqi Army2 Bakr Sidqi and the Rise of as-Sabbagh3 The Republic of Abdul-Karim Qassim4 The Rise of the Baath and the Baathification of the Army5 The Army and the Baath6 Reconstructing the IAF after the 2003 Invasion6.1 CPA Civil-Military Decisions7 The Reconstruction Framework of the Iraqi Army7.1 The New IAF8 Problems and Challenges in the IAF8.1 Professionalism8.2 Civil-Military Ambiguity8.3 Corruption9 ISIS, the PMF and the Retraining of the Iraqi Military10 Conclusion6 The National Defense Force of Burundi1 Burundi: The Colonial Period and Independence2 The Army in Power2.1 Micombero2.2 Bagaza2.3 Buyoya3 The Hutu Response4 Arusha and Pretoria5 Institutional and Structural Changes in the Armed Forces5.1 Institutional Reforms5.2 Structural Reforms6 From Success to Failure: CNDD-FDD Hegemony in Security Affairs7 CNDD-FDD Hegemony in the Army7.1 FDD Preferentialism and Elimination of Opponents7.2 Alternative Chain of Command and the Imbonerakure7.3 The National Intelligence Service (SNR) and the CNDD-FDD8 The Dangers of CNDD-FDD Politicization of the Army9 Conclusion7 Armies in Consociational, Semi-Consociational, and Post-Conflict Societies: The Quest for Stability1 Armies, Deeply Divided Societies and Non-Democratic Systems2 CMR and Semi-Consociationalism3 CMR in Full Consociations4 Post-Conflict Armies and Military Power Sharing4.1 Military Mission4.2 Collective Decision Making and Military Power Sharing4.3 Proportionality5 Anomalies in Lebanon, Iraq, and Burundi: Militias6 Conclusion8 Conclusion1 Armies and Consociationalism2 Post-Conflict Military Reconstruction3 RecommendationBibliographyIndex

Eduardo Wassim Aboultaif, Ph.D. in Politics (2017) is an Assistant Professor of Politics at the Higher Institute of Political and Administrative Sciences in the Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (Lebanon). He has published extensively on power-sharing arrangements, deeply divided societies, and Middle East affairs.

"This book opens a new door to understanding the function of armies and civil-military relations in divided societies."——John McGarry, Professor and Canada Research Chair for Nationalism and Democracy, Queen's University, Canada"A mandatory book for anybody trying to understand how armies, societies, and modern times intersect? It is a superb book, well done!"——Florence Gaub, Director of Research Division at Nato Defence College

• AcknowledgementsList of Figures and Tables1 Introduction1 A Critical Approach to Armies in Divided Societies2 Framework and Aim of the Book3 The Significance of Armies in Divided Societies and Research Method4 Chapters2 Civil-Military Relations, SSR, DDR, and Power Sharing1 Civil-Military Relations2 DDR and Security Sector Reform (SSR)3 Post-Conflict Power Sharing and Security Apparatuses4 Conclusion3 The Lebanese Armed Forces1 Origins: The LAF during the Mandate Period2 The Army after Independence2.1 The Formation of the Lebanese Army2.2 Problems and Challenges3 Paying the Price: Disintegration during the Civil War4 Structural and Institutional Reforms of the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF)4.1 Structural Reforms in the LAF4.2 The Institutional Reforms4.2.1 The Higher Defense Council4.2.2 The Military Office5 Reconstructing the LAF6 Challenges and Responses6.1 Military Capabilities6.2 Legitimacy and National Consensus6.3 Confessional-Proofing in the LAF – Preserving Neutrality6.4 Gender and Human Rights7 Conclusion4 Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina1 The Yugoslav People’s Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija, JNA)2 The Making of the AFBiH3 Institutional and Structural Reforms in the AFBiH3.1 Institutional Reforms3.2 Structural Reforms4 Success and Setbacks5 Conclusion5 The Iraqi Armed Forces1 Inception: The Establishment of the Iraqi Army2 Bakr Sidqi and the Rise of as-Sabbagh3 The Republic of Abdul-Karim Qassim4 The Rise of the Baath and the Baathification of the Army5 The Army and the Baath6 Reconstructing the IAF after the 2003 Invasion6.1 CPA Civil-Military Decisions7 The Reconstruction Framework of the Iraqi Army7.1 The New IAF8 Problems and Challenges in the IAF8.1 Professionalism8.2 Civil-Military Ambiguity8.3 Corruption9 ISIS, the PMF and the Retraining of the Iraqi Military10 Conclusion6 The National Defense Force of Burundi1 Burundi: The Colonial Period and Independence2 The Army in Power2.1 Micombero2.2 Bagaza2.3 Buyoya3 The Hutu Response4 Arusha and Pretoria5 Institutional and Structural Changes in the Armed Forces5.1 Institutional Reforms5.2 Structural Reforms6 From Success to Failure: CNDD-FDD Hegemony in Security Affairs7 CNDD-FDD Hegemony in the Army7.1 FDD Preferentialism and Elimination of Opponents7.2 Alternative Chain of Command and the Imbonerakure7.3 The National Intelligence Service (SNR) and the CNDD-FDD8 The Dangers of CNDD-FDD Politicization of the Army9 Conclusion7 Armies in Consociational, Semi-Consociational, and Post-Conflict Societies: The Quest for Stability1 Armies, Deeply Divided Societies and Non-Democratic Systems2 CMR and Semi-Consociationalism3 CMR in Full Consociations4 Post-Conflict Armies and Military Power Sharing4.1 Military Mission4.2 Collective Decision Making and Military Power Sharing4.3 Proportionality5 Anomalies in Lebanon, Iraq, and Burundi: Militias6 Conclusion8 Conclusion1 Armies and Consociationalism2 Post-Conflict Military Reconstruction3 RecommendationBibliographyIndex

Eduardo Wassim Aboultaif, Ph.D. in Politics (2017) is an Assistant Professor of Politics at the Higher Institute of Political and Administrative Sciences in the Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (Lebanon). He has published extensively on power-sharing arrangements, deeply divided societies, and Middle East affairs.

"This book opens a new door to understanding the function of armies and civil-military relations in divided societies."——John McGarry, Professor and Canada Research Chair for Nationalism and Democracy, Queen's University, Canada"A mandatory book for anybody trying to understand how armies, societies, and modern times intersect? It is a superb book, well done!"——Florence Gaub, Director of Research Division at Nato Defence College

• AcknowledgementsList of Figures and Tables1 Introduction1 A Critical Approach to Armies in Divided Societies2 Framework and Aim of the Book3 The Significance of Armies in Divided Societies and Research Method4 Chapters2 Civil-Military Relations, SSR, DDR, and Power Sharing1 Civil-Military Relations2 DDR and Security Sector Reform (SSR)3 Post-Conflict Power Sharing and Security Apparatuses4 Conclusion3 The Lebanese Armed Forces1 Origins: The LAF during the Mandate Period2 The Army after Independence2.1 The Formation of the Lebanese Army2.2 Problems and Challenges3 Paying the Price: Disintegration during the Civil War4 Structural and Institutional Reforms of the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF)4.1 Structural Reforms in the LAF4.2 The Institutional Reforms4.2.1 The Higher Defense Council4.2.2 The Military Office5 Reconstructing the LAF6 Challenges and Responses6.1 Military Capabilities6.2 Legitimacy and National Consensus6.3 Confessional-Proofing in the LAF – Preserving Neutrality6.4 Gender and Human Rights7 Conclusion4 Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina1 The Yugoslav People’s Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija, JNA)2 The Making of the AFBiH3 Institutional and Structural Reforms in the AFBiH3.1 Institutional Reforms3.2 Structural Reforms4 Success and Setbacks5 Conclusion5 The Iraqi Armed Forces1 Inception: The Establishment of the Iraqi Army2 Bakr Sidqi and the Rise of as-Sabbagh3 The Republic of Abdul-Karim Qassim4 The Rise of the Baath and the Baathification of the Army5 The Army and the Baath6 Reconstructing the IAF after the 2003 Invasion6.1 CPA Civil-Military Decisions7 The Reconstruction Framework of the Iraqi Army7.1 The New IAF8 Problems and Challenges in the IAF8.1 Professionalism8.2 Civil-Military Ambiguity8.3 Corruption9 ISIS, the PMF and the Retraining of the Iraqi Military10 Conclusion6 The National Defense Force of Burundi1 Burundi: The Colonial Period and Independence2 The Army in Power2.1 Micombero2.2 Bagaza2.3 Buyoya3 The Hutu Response4 Arusha and Pretoria5 Institutional and Structural Changes in the Armed Forces5.1 Institutional Reforms5.2 Structural Reforms6 From Success to Failure: CNDD-FDD Hegemony in Security Affairs7 CNDD-FDD Hegemony in the Army7.1 FDD Preferentialism and Elimination of Opponents7.2 Alternative Chain of Command and the Imbonerakure7.3 The National Intelligence Service (SNR) and the CNDD-FDD8 The Dangers of CNDD-FDD Politicization of the Army9 Conclusion7 Armies in Consociational, Semi-Consociational, and Post-Conflict Societies: The Quest for Stability1 Armies, Deeply Divided Societies and Non-Democratic Systems2 CMR and Semi-Consociationalism3 CMR in Full Consociations4 Post-Conflict Armies and Military Power Sharing4.1 Military Mission4.2 Collective Decision Making and Military Power Sharing4.3 Proportionality5 Anomalies in Lebanon, Iraq, and Burundi: Militias6 Conclusion8 Conclusion1 Armies and Consociationalism2 Post-Conflict Military Reconstruction3 RecommendationBibliographyIndex