Budhaditya Chattopadhyay is an artist, researcher, and writer. He is the author of four books: The Nomadic Listener (2020), The Auditory Setting (2021), Between the Headphones (2021), and Sound Practices in the Global South (2022). Chattopadhyay is a Visiting Professor at the Critical Media Lab, Basel.

• 1 Introduction, 2 The Technological Frameworks, 2.1 Optical recording and direct sound, 2.2 Magnetic recording and dubbing, 2.3 Digital recording, sync sound, and surround design, 3 Direct Sound and Early Talkies, 4 Sound of the Golden Age, 5 Tracing the Sound in Satyajit Ray's Film-works, 6 Popular Films from the Dubbing Era, 7 Parallel Sounds, Radical Listening - Part I, 8 Sholay, Stereo Sound and the Auditory Spectacle, 9 The Advent of Digital Sync Sound, 10 The Surround Revolution, 11 Sound in the Audiovisual Media Arts, 12 Parallel Sounds, Radical Listening - Part II, 13 A Concluding Voiceover, Appendix: Bibliography and works cited.

Budhaditya Chattopadhyay is an artist, researcher, and writer. He is the author of four books: The Nomadic Listener (2020), The Auditory Setting (2021), Between the Headphones (2021), and Sound Practices in the Global South (2022). Chattopadhyay is a Visiting Professor at the Critical Media Lab, Basel.

• 1 Introduction, 2 The Technological Frameworks, 2.1 Optical recording and direct sound, 2.2 Magnetic recording and dubbing, 2.3 Digital recording, sync sound, and surround design, 3 Direct Sound and Early Talkies, 4 Sound of the Golden Age, 5 Tracing the Sound in Satyajit Ray's Film-works, 6 Popular Films from the Dubbing Era, 7 Parallel Sounds, Radical Listening - Part I, 8 Sholay, Stereo Sound and the Auditory Spectacle, 9 The Advent of Digital Sync Sound, 10 The Surround Revolution, 11 Sound in the Audiovisual Media Arts, 12 Parallel Sounds, Radical Listening - Part II, 13 A Concluding Voiceover, Appendix: Bibliography and works cited.

Budhaditya Chattopadhyay is an artist, researcher, and writer. He is the author of four books: The Nomadic Listener (2020), The Auditory Setting (2021), Between the Headphones (2021), and Sound Practices in the Global South (2022). Chattopadhyay is a Visiting Professor at the Critical Media Lab, Basel.

• 1 Introduction, 2 The Technological Frameworks, 2.1 Optical recording and direct sound, 2.2 Magnetic recording and dubbing, 2.3 Digital recording, sync sound, and surround design, 3 Direct Sound and Early Talkies, 4 Sound of the Golden Age, 5 Tracing the Sound in Satyajit Ray's Film-works, 6 Popular Films from the Dubbing Era, 7 Parallel Sounds, Radical Listening - Part I, 8 Sholay, Stereo Sound and the Auditory Spectacle, 9 The Advent of Digital Sync Sound, 10 The Surround Revolution, 11 Sound in the Audiovisual Media Arts, 12 Parallel Sounds, Radical Listening - Part II, 13 A Concluding Voiceover, Appendix: Bibliography and works cited.