Dr. Xinxin Ma is a professor at the Faculty of Economics, Hosei University. She was the editor of the Japanese Journal of Comparative Economics, Asian Studies, and the Journal of Chinese Economics. Her research expertise concerns income inequality and social security in China. Her academic papers have been published in peer-reviewed journals such as the China Economic Review, Journal of Asian Economics, and Economic Systems. Her recent books are Female Employment and Gender Gap in China (Springer, 2021), and Employment, Retirement and Lifestyle in Aging East Asia (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). Dr. Cheng Tang is a professor at the Faculty of Economics, Chuo University. He was the editor of Asian Studies. His research expertise is in the Chinese financial system and household finance. His academic papers have been published in JINGJI YANJIU, Ajia Keizai, and Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies. His recent book is Uncovering the Mechanisms of "High Savings Rate" and "Excessive Debt": An Understanding of Chinese Economy from the Angle of Household and Corporate Financial Behavior (Yuhikaku Press, 2021).

• 1 Introduction.- 2 Comparisons of Chinese and Japanese Development Process from Economic and Politico-economic Perspectives.- 3 Trade, FDI and Economic Growth.- 4 Digital China: The Fourth Industrial Revolution with Chinese Characteristics.- 5 Agricultural Development in China: Comparison with Japanese Experience.- 6 The financial innovation in the Flow of Funds Account after the World War II: Evidence from Japan.- 7 Human Capital Agglomeration Effect and Regional Inequality.- 8 Environmental Policies and Water Resource Management.- 9 Dual Economic Structure, Surplus Labor and Rural-Urban Migration.- 10 Household Consumption and Manufactural Industry Upgrading.- 11 Enterprise Ownership Reform and Wage Gaps between Public and Private Sectors.- 12 Communist Party of China Membership and Wage Gaps between Party Members and Non-Members.- 13 Labor Union Effects on Working Conditions.- 14 Employment Equality Policy and Gender Gap in Labor Market.- 15  Public Pension Policy Reform and Labor Force Participation.- 16  Bequest Motives and Saving Behavior Among the Elderly.- 17  Income, Income Inequality and Subjective Well-being.

Dr. Xinxin Ma is a professor at the Faculty of Economics, Hosei University. She was the editor of the Japanese Journal of Comparative Economics, Asian Studies, and the Journal of Chinese Economics. Her research expertise concerns income inequality and social security in China. Her academic papers have been published in peer-reviewed journals such as the China Economic Review, Journal of Asian Economics, and Economic Systems. Her recent books are Female Employment and Gender Gap in China (Springer, 2021), and Employment, Retirement and Lifestyle in Aging East Asia (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). Dr. Cheng Tang is a professor at the Faculty of Economics, Chuo University. He was the editor of Asian Studies. His research expertise is in the Chinese financial system and household finance. His academic papers have been published in JINGJI YANJIU, Ajia Keizai, and Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies. His recent book is Uncovering the Mechanisms of "High Savings Rate" and "Excessive Debt": An Understanding of Chinese Economy from the Angle of Household and Corporate Financial Behavior (Yuhikaku Press, 2021).

• 1 Introduction.- 2 Comparisons of Chinese and Japanese Development Process from Economic and Politico-economic Perspectives.- 3 Trade, FDI and Economic Growth.- 4 Digital China: The Fourth Industrial Revolution with Chinese Characteristics.- 5 Agricultural Development in China: Comparison with Japanese Experience.- 6 The financial innovation in the Flow of Funds Account after the World War II: Evidence from Japan.- 7 Human Capital Agglomeration Effect and Regional Inequality.- 8 Environmental Policies and Water Resource Management.- 9 Dual Economic Structure, Surplus Labor and Rural-Urban Migration.- 10 Household Consumption and Manufactural Industry Upgrading.- 11 Enterprise Ownership Reform and Wage Gaps between Public and Private Sectors.- 12 Communist Party of China Membership and Wage Gaps between Party Members and Non-Members.- 13 Labor Union Effects on Working Conditions.- 14 Employment Equality Policy and Gender Gap in Labor Market.- 15  Public Pension Policy Reform and Labor Force Participation.- 16  Bequest Motives and Saving Behavior Among the Elderly.- 17  Income, Income Inequality and Subjective Well-being.

Dr. Xinxin Ma is a professor at the Faculty of Economics, Hosei University. She was the editor of the Japanese Journal of Comparative Economics, Asian Studies, and the Journal of Chinese Economics. Her research expertise concerns income inequality and social security in China. Her academic papers have been published in peer-reviewed journals such as the China Economic Review, Journal of Asian Economics, and Economic Systems. Her recent books are Female Employment and Gender Gap in China (Springer, 2021), and Employment, Retirement and Lifestyle in Aging East Asia (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). Dr. Cheng Tang is a professor at the Faculty of Economics, Chuo University. He was the editor of Asian Studies. His research expertise is in the Chinese financial system and household finance. His academic papers have been published in JINGJI YANJIU, Ajia Keizai, and Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies. His recent book is Uncovering the Mechanisms of "High Savings Rate" and "Excessive Debt": An Understanding of Chinese Economy from the Angle of Household and Corporate Financial Behavior (Yuhikaku Press, 2021).

• 1 Introduction.- 2 Comparisons of Chinese and Japanese Development Process from Economic and Politico-economic Perspectives.- 3 Trade, FDI and Economic Growth.- 4 Digital China: The Fourth Industrial Revolution with Chinese Characteristics.- 5 Agricultural Development in China: Comparison with Japanese Experience.- 6 The financial innovation in the Flow of Funds Account after the World War II: Evidence from Japan.- 7 Human Capital Agglomeration Effect and Regional Inequality.- 8 Environmental Policies and Water Resource Management.- 9 Dual Economic Structure, Surplus Labor and Rural-Urban Migration.- 10 Household Consumption and Manufactural Industry Upgrading.- 11 Enterprise Ownership Reform and Wage Gaps between Public and Private Sectors.- 12 Communist Party of China Membership and Wage Gaps between Party Members and Non-Members.- 13 Labor Union Effects on Working Conditions.- 14 Employment Equality Policy and Gender Gap in Labor Market.- 15  Public Pension Policy Reform and Labor Force Participation.- 16  Bequest Motives and Saving Behavior Among the Elderly.- 17  Income, Income Inequality and Subjective Well-being.